EU countries by gender pay gap (unadjusted)

Estonia had the highest gender pay gap (unadjusted) of 27 EU countries in 2023, at 19.6%. Luxembourg had the lowest, at -0.9%. The median was 12% and the figure for the European Union (27) was 11.7%. Source: Eurostat, European Commission.

Highest19.6Estonia

Lowest-0.9Luxembourg

Median1227 EU countries

European Union (27)11.7History

Map of EU countries, 2023

Under 0
0 to 8.6
8.6 to 14
14 and over

%, 2023. Red areas are below zero and blue areas above it. Source: Eurostat, Gender pay gap in unadjusted form, industry, construction and services except public administration (earn_gr_gpgr2). Boundaries: Natural Earth (public domain).

All EU countries, 2023

%. Source: Eurostat, Gender pay gap in unadjusted form, industry, construction and services except public administration (earn_gr_gpgr2). Retrieved 2026-10-18.

Full ranking

Rank	EU countries	2023 (%)	Change on 2022
1	Estonia Provisional	19.6	-1.5 pts
2	Austria Provisional	18.3	-0.4 pts
3	Czechia	18	-0.4 pts
4	Hungary Provisional	17.8	+0.3 pts
5	Germany Provisional	17.6	-0.1 pts
6	Finland Provisional	16.8	+0.8 pts
7	Latvia Provisional	16.4	-2.5 pts
8	Slovakia Provisional	15.7	-1.1 pts
9	Denmark Provisional	14	+0.2 pts
10	Greece Provisional	13.6	+0.1 pts
11	Bulgaria Provisional	13.5	+0.9 pts
12	Netherlands Provisional	12.5	-1.5 pts
13	France Provisional	12.3	-0.5 pts
14	Cyprus Provisional	12	+0.1 pts
15	Lithuania Provisional	11.5	+1 pts
16	Sweden Provisional	11.2	+0.8 pts
17	Ireland Provisional	8.6	-0.7 pts
17	Portugal Provisional	8.6	+2.3 pts
19	Croatia Provisional	7.4	-0.3 pts
20	Spain Provisional	7.3	-1.9 pts
21	Slovenia Series break	6	-0.8 pts
22	Poland	5.9	-1.9 pts
23	Malta Provisional	5.1	-0.7 pts
24	Romania Estimated	3.8	+2.3 pts
25	Italy Provisional	2.2	-1.6 pts
26	Belgium Provisional	0.7	0 pts
27	Luxembourg Provisional	-0.9	-0.2 pts

Other periods

About this ranking

Difference between the average gross hourly earnings of men and of women, as a percentage of men's average gross hourly earnings. Employees in enterprises with 10 or more employees, in industry, construction and services except public administration and defence (NACE Rev. 2 B to S without O).

Unadjusted: it compares averages for all women and all men and does not account for differences in occupation, sector, hours or experience. A negative value means women earn more per hour on average. Built from the four-yearly Structure of Earnings Survey (2010, 2014, 2018, 2022), with national estimates for the years in between; the latest year is usually provisional.

Every value in the ranking comes from the same publisher and the same period, so the EU countries are compared on one definition. Equal values share a rank.

How to cite

Eurostat. Gender pay gap in unadjusted form, industry, construction and services except public administration (earn_gr_gpgr2). https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/earn_gr_gpgr2/default/table. Retrieved 2026-10-18.

Citation styles

The publisher is the author. Invokely is named only as the place the figures were read, where a style asks for it.

APA 7

Eurostat, European Commission. (2026). Gender pay gap in unadjusted form, industry, construction and services except public administration (earn_gr_gpgr2) (EU countries by gender pay gap (unadjusted), 2023) [Data set]. Retrieved October 18, 2026, from https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/earn_gr_gpgr2/default/table

MLA 9

Gender pay gap in unadjusted form, industry, construction and services except public administration (earn_gr_gpgr2), EU countries by gender pay gap (unadjusted), 2023. Eurostat, European Commission, 26 Feb. 2026, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/earn_gr_gpgr2/default/table. Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/gender-pay-gap/eu-countries?period=2023. Accessed 18 Oct. 2026.

Chicago (author-date)

Eurostat, European Commission. 2026. Gender pay gap in unadjusted form, industry, construction and services except public administration (earn_gr_gpgr2). EU countries by gender pay gap (unadjusted), 2023. Dataset. Accessed October 18, 2026. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/earn_gr_gpgr2/default/table. Also distributed by Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/gender-pay-gap/eu-countries?period=2023.

Harvard

Eurostat, European Commission (2026) Gender pay gap in unadjusted form, industry, construction and services except public administration (earn_gr_gpgr2), EU countries by gender pay gap (unadjusted), 2023 [Dataset]. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/earn_gr_gpgr2/default/table, via Invokely: https://invokely.ai/rankings/gender-pay-gap/eu-countries?period=2023 (Accessed: 18 October 2026).

BibTeX

@misc{eurostat_eu_countries_by_gender_2023,
  author = {{Eurostat, European Commission}},
  title = {{Gender pay gap in unadjusted form, industry, construction and services except public administration (earn\_gr\_gpgr2): EU countries by gender pay gap (unadjusted), 2023}},
  year = {2026},
  howpublished = {Data set},
  url = {https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/earn_gr_gpgr2/default/table},
  urldate = {2026-10-18},
  note = {Accessed via Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/gender-pay-gap/eu-countries?period=2023. Publisher attribution: Eurostat. Gender pay gap in unadjusted form, industry, construction and services except public administration (earn\_gr\_gpgr2). https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/earn\_gr\_gpgr2/default/table. Retrieved 2026-10-18.},
}

RIS

TY  - DATA
AU  - Eurostat, European Commission
TI  - Gender pay gap in unadjusted form, industry, construction and services except public administration (earn_gr_gpgr2): EU countries by gender pay gap (unadjusted), 2023
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/02/26
PB  - Eurostat, European Commission
DB  - Invokely
UR  - https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/earn_gr_gpgr2/default/table
L2  - https://invokely.ai/rankings/gender-pay-gap/eu-countries?period=2023
Y2  - 2026/10/18
N1  - Accessed via Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/gender-pay-gap/eu-countries?period=2023.
N1  - Publisher attribution: Eurostat. Gender pay gap in unadjusted form, industry, construction and services except public administration (earn_gr_gpgr2). https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/earn_gr_gpgr2/default/table. Retrieved 2026-10-18.
ER  -

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Questions

Which EU country has the highest gender pay gap (unadjusted)?

Estonia, with 19.6% in 2023, according to Eurostat, European Commission.

Which EU country has the lowest gender pay gap (unadjusted)?

Luxembourg, with -0.9% in 2023.

Where does this ranking come from?

Every value comes from one source and one period, so the places are comparable: Eurostat, European Commission, Gender pay gap in unadjusted form, industry, construction and services except public administration (earn_gr_gpgr2). Retrieved 2026-10-18.