Data / Finance and investment / The EU

Finance and investment in the EU

The latest figures for 5 indicators in the EU, how the EU countries compare, and the source of each figure.

Figures last updated on 2026-10-12.

Composite cost of borrowing for house purchase

Of 21 EU countries in August 2026, Latvia had the highest composite cost of borrowing for house purchase (4.35%) and Malta the lowest (1.94%).

Highest, August 20264.35%Latvia
Lowest, August 20261.94%Malta
Latvia: 4.35 %Latvia4.35Estonia: 4.27 %Estonia4.27Lithuania: 4.16 %Lithuania4.16Germany: 4 %Germany4Netherlands: 3.91 %Netherlands3.91Slovakia: 3.73 %Slovakia3.73Belgium: 3.7 %Belgium3.7Luxembourg: 3.63 %Luxembourg3.63Austria: 3.61 %Austria3.61Italy: 3.58 %Italy3.58
Top 10 EU countries, August 2026. %. Source: European Central Bank.

Highest and lowest EU countries

Full ranking of EU countries. Sources: European Central Bank, ECB MIR composite cost of borrowing for households for house purchase, new business (A2C.AM.R.A.2250.EUR.N).

Composite cost of borrowing for non-financial corporations

Of 21 EU countries in August 2026, Latvia had the highest composite cost of borrowing for non-financial corporations (5.75%) and the Netherlands the lowest (2.97%).

Highest, August 20265.75%Latvia
Lowest, August 20262.97%Netherlands
Latvia: 5.75 %Latvia5.75Lithuania: 5.03 %Lithuania5.03Estonia: 4.69 %Estonia4.69Slovakia: 4.48 %Slovakia4.48Greece: 4.44 %Greece4.44Malta: 4.37 %Malta4.37Slovenia: 4.33 %Slovenia4.33Ireland: 4.3 %Ireland4.3Portugal: 4.24 %Portugal4.24Finland: 4.16 %Finland4.16
Top 10 EU countries, August 2026. %. Source: European Central Bank.

Highest and lowest EU countries

Full ranking of EU countries. Sources: European Central Bank, ECB MIR composite cost of borrowing for non-financial corporations, new business (A2I.AM.R.A.2240.EUR.N).

Interest rate on new consumer loans

Of 20 EU countries in August 2026, Estonia had the highest interest rate on new consumer loans (12.59%) and Malta the lowest (4.15%).

Highest, August 202612.59%Estonia
Lowest, August 20264.15%Malta
Estonia: 12.59 %Estonia12.59Latvia: 11.48 %Latvia11.48Greece: 10.34 %Greece10.34Italy: 9.12 %Italy9.12Portugal: 8.98 %Portugal8.98Bulgaria: 8.91 %Bulgaria8.91Germany: 8.7 %Germany8.7Austria: 8.64 %Austria8.64Slovakia: 8.63 %Slovakia8.63Lithuania: 8.5 %Lithuania8.5
Top 10 EU countries, August 2026. %. Source: European Central Bank.

Highest and lowest EU countries

Full ranking of EU countries. Sources: European Central Bank, ECB MIR interest rate on new household consumer loans (A2B.A.R.A.2250.EUR.N).

Domestic credit to the private sector

Of 26 EU countries in 2024, Denmark had the highest domestic credit to the private sector (144.1% of GDP) and Romania the lowest (22.7% of GDP).

Highest, 2024144.1% of GDPDenmark
Lowest, 202422.7% of GDPRomania
Denmark: 144.1 % of GDPDenmark144.1Sweden: 125.3 % of GDPSweden125.3France: 107.6 % of GDPFrance107.6Finland: 92 % of GDPFinland92Luxembourg: 85.1 % of GDPLuxembourg85.1Netherlands: 82.4 % of GDPNetherlands82.4Austria: 81.8 % of GDPAustria81.8Portugal: 77.1 % of GDPPortugal77.1Spain: 74.2 % of GDPSpain74.2Belgium: 68.1 % of GDPBelgium68.1
Top 10 EU countries, 2024. % of GDP. Source: World Bank.

Highest and lowest EU countries

Full ranking of EU countries. Sources: World Bank, Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP) (FS.AST.PRVT.GD.ZS).

Bank nonperforming loans

Of 27 EU countries in 2024, Cyprus had the most bank nonperforming loans (4.18%) and Sweden the fewest (0.51%).

Highest, 20244.18%Cyprus
Lowest, 20240.51%Sweden

Highest and lowest EU countries

Full ranking of EU countries. Sources: World Bank, Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) (FB.AST.NPER.ZS).

Sources and citations

Each figure comes from the table cited here. Cite the publisher; these citations include any notice the publisher requires.

  1. European Central Bank. ECB MIR composite cost of borrowing for households for house purchase, new business (A2C.AM.R.A.2250.EUR.N). https://data-api.ecb.europa.eu/service/data/MIR/M.AT+BE+BG+CY+DE+EE+ES+FI+FR+GR+HR+IE+IT+LT+LU+LV+MT+NL+PT+SI+SK+U2.B.A2C.AM.R.A.2250.EUR.N?format=csvdata&startPeriod=2003-01. Retrieved 2026-10-12.
  2. European Central Bank. ECB MIR composite cost of borrowing for non-financial corporations, new business (A2I.AM.R.A.2240.EUR.N). https://data-api.ecb.europa.eu/service/data/MIR/M.AT+BE+BG+CY+DE+EE+ES+FI+FR+GR+HR+IE+IT+LT+LU+LV+MT+NL+PT+SI+SK+U2.B.A2I.AM.R.A.2240.EUR.N?format=csvdata&startPeriod=2003-01. Retrieved 2026-10-12.
  3. European Central Bank. ECB MIR interest rate on new household consumer loans (A2B.A.R.A.2250.EUR.N). https://data-api.ecb.europa.eu/service/data/MIR/M.AT+BE+BG+CY+DE+EE+ES+FI+FR+GR+HR+IE+IT+LT+LU+LV+MT+NL+PT+SI+SK+U2.B.A2B.A.R.A.2250.EUR.N?format=csvdata&startPeriod=2003-01. Retrieved 2026-10-12.
  4. World Bank, World Development Indicators. Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP) (FS.AST.PRVT.GD.ZS). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/FS.AST.PRVT.GD.ZS. Retrieved 2026-10-12. Licensed under CC BY 4.0.
  5. World Bank, World Development Indicators. Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%) (FB.AST.NPER.ZS). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/FB.AST.NPER.ZS. Retrieved 2026-10-12. Licensed under CC BY 4.0.

Finance and investment in other areas

More topics for the EU

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