Data / Rankings / Gross capital formation, share of GDP / EU countries

EU countries by gross capital formation, share of GDP

Czechia had the highest gross capital formation, share of GDP of 27 EU countries in 2023, at 28.2% of GDP. Greece had the lowest, at 16.2% of GDP. The median was 22.9% of GDP. Source: the World Bank.

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Highest28.2Czechia
Lowest16.2Greece
Median22.927 EU countries

Map of EU countries, 2023

Austria: 26 % of GDPBelgium: 25.3 % of GDPBulgaria: 19.8 % of GDPCyprus: 21.5 % of GDPCzechia: 28.2 % of GDPGermany: 22 % of GDPDenmark: 23.6 % of GDPEstonia: 25.1 % of GDPSpain: 21.1 % of GDPFinland: 23 % of GDPFrance: 22.9 % of GDPGreece: 16.2 % of GDPCroatia: 24.6 % of GDPHungary: 26.2 % of GDPIreland: 26.7 % of GDPItaly: 23.1 % of GDPLithuania: 22.6 % of GDPLuxembourg: 16.4 % of GDPLatvia: 24.7 % of GDPMalta: 19.9 % of GDPNetherlands: 20.1 % of GDPPoland: 17.7 % of GDPPortugal: 20.5 % of GDPRomania: 26.2 % of GDPSweden: 25.3 % of GDPSlovenia: 22.5 % of GDPSlovakia: 19.7 % of GDP
  • Under 20
  • 20 to 22
  • 22 to 23
  • 23 to 25
  • 25 and over
% of GDP, 2023. Source: World Bank, Gross capital formation (% of GDP) (NE.GDI.TOTL.ZS). Boundaries: Natural Earth (public domain).

All EU countries, 2023

Czechia: 28.2 % of GDPCzechia28.2Ireland: 26.7 % of GDPIreland26.7Romania: 26.2 % of GDPRomania26.2Hungary: 26.2 % of GDPHungary26.2Austria: 26 % of GDPAustria26Belgium: 25.3 % of GDPBelgium25.3Sweden: 25.3 % of GDPSweden25.3Estonia: 25.1 % of GDPEstonia25.1Latvia: 24.7 % of GDPLatvia24.7Croatia: 24.6 % of GDPCroatia24.6Denmark: 23.6 % of GDPDenmark23.6Italy: 23.1 % of GDPItaly23.1Finland: 23 % of GDPFinland23France: 22.9 % of GDPFrance22.9Lithuania: 22.6 % of GDPLithuania22.6Slovenia: 22.5 % of GDPSlovenia22.5Germany: 22 % of GDPGermany22Cyprus: 21.5 % of GDPCyprus21.5Spain: 21.1 % of GDPSpain21.1Portugal: 20.5 % of GDPPortugal20.5Netherlands: 20.1 % of GDPNetherlands20.1Malta: 19.9 % of GDPMalta19.9Bulgaria: 19.8 % of GDPBulgaria19.8Slovakia: 19.7 % of GDPSlovakia19.7Poland: 17.7 % of GDPPoland17.7Luxembourg: 16.4 % of GDPLuxembourg16.4Greece: 16.2 % of GDPGreece16.2Czechia: 28.2 % of GDPCzechia28.2Ireland: 26.7 % of GDPIreland26.7Romania: 26.2 % of GDPRomania26.2Hungary: 26.2 % of GDPHungary26.2Austria: 26 % of GDPAustria26Belgium: 25.3 % of GDPBelgium25.3Sweden: 25.3 % of GDPSweden25.3Estonia: 25.1 % of GDPEstonia25.1Latvia: 24.7 % of GDPLatvia24.7Croatia: 24.6 % of GDPCroatia24.6Denmark: 23.6 % of GDPDenmark23.6Italy: 23.1 % of GDPItaly23.1Finland: 23 % of GDPFinland23France: 22.9 % of GDPFrance22.9Lithuania: 22.6 % of GDPLithuania22.6Slovenia: 22.5 % of GDPSlovenia22.5Germany: 22 % of GDPGermany22Cyprus: 21.5 % of GDPCyprus21.5Spain: 21.1 % of GDPSpain21.1Portugal: 20.5 % of GDPPortugal20.5Netherlands: 20.1 % of GDPNetherlands20.1Malta: 19.9 % of GDPMalta19.9Bulgaria: 19.8 % of GDPBulgaria19.8Slovakia: 19.7 % of GDPSlovakia19.7Poland: 17.7 % of GDPPoland17.7Luxembourg: 16.4 % of GDPLuxembourg16.4Greece: 16.2 % of GDPGreece16.2
% of GDP. Source: World Bank, Gross capital formation (% of GDP) (NE.GDI.TOTL.ZS). Retrieved 2026-10-18.

Full ranking

RankEU countries2023
% of GDP		Change on 2022
1Czechia28.2-2.8 pts
2Ireland26.7+3.8 pts
3Romania26.2-0.9 pts
4Hungary26.2-8.1 pts
5Austria26-3.2 pts
6Belgium25.3-2.1 pts
7Sweden25.3-1.7 pts
8Estonia25.1-2.8 pts
9Latvia24.70 pts
10Croatia24.6-1.6 pts
11Denmark23.6-1.1 pts
12Italy23.1-1.5 pts
13Finland23-4.3 pts
14France22.9-1.1 pts
15Lithuania22.6-5.1 pts
16Slovenia22.5-2.1 pts
17Germany22-1.3 pts
18Cyprus21.5+0.9 pts
19Spain21.1-1.6 pts
20Portugal20.5-0.9 pts
21Netherlands20.1-2.8 pts
22Malta19.9-6.5 pts
23Bulgaria19.8-2.9 pts
24Slovakia19.7-3.6 pts
25Poland17.7-4.4 pts
26Luxembourg16.4-0.6 pts
27Greece16.2-2.6 pts

Other periods

About this ranking

Acquisitions less disposals of produced assets for fixed capital formation, inventories or valuables, as a percentage of GDP. World Bank national accounts data, compiled from national statistical offices and central banks and from OECD national accounts files.

Includes the change in inventories, so it can be negative in a year when stocks are run down. For investment in fixed assets alone see gross_fixed_capital_formation_gdp. Current prices, so the share moves with relative prices as well as volumes. Countries that rebase their national accounts can shift it by several points. The latest year varies by country.

Every value in the ranking comes from the same publisher and the same period, so the EU countries are compared on one definition. Equal values share a rank.

How to cite

World Bank, World Development Indicators. Gross capital formation (% of GDP) (NE.GDI.TOTL.ZS). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.GDI.TOTL.ZS. Retrieved 2026-10-18. Licensed under CC BY 4.0.

Citation styles

The publisher is the author. Invokely is named only as the place the figures were read, where a style asks for it.

APA 7

World Bank. (2026). Gross capital formation (% of GDP) (NE.GDI.TOTL.ZS) (EU countries by gross capital formation, share of GDP, 2023) [Data set]. Retrieved October 18, 2026, from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.GDI.TOTL.ZS

MLA 9

Gross capital formation (% of GDP) (NE.GDI.TOTL.ZS), EU countries by gross capital formation, share of GDP, 2023. World Bank, 8 Oct. 2026, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.GDI.TOTL.ZS. Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/gross-capital-formation-gdp/eu-countries?period=2023. Accessed 18 Oct. 2026.

Chicago (author-date)

World Bank. 2026. Gross capital formation (% of GDP) (NE.GDI.TOTL.ZS). EU countries by gross capital formation, share of GDP, 2023. Dataset. Accessed October 18, 2026. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.GDI.TOTL.ZS. Also distributed by Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/gross-capital-formation-gdp/eu-countries?period=2023.

Harvard

World Bank (2026) Gross capital formation (% of GDP) (NE.GDI.TOTL.ZS), EU countries by gross capital formation, share of GDP, 2023 [Dataset]. Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.GDI.TOTL.ZS, via Invokely: https://invokely.ai/rankings/gross-capital-formation-gdp/eu-countries?period=2023 (Accessed: 18 October 2026).

BibTeX
@misc{world_eu_countries_by_gross_2023,
  author = {{World Bank}},
  title = {{Gross capital formation (\% of GDP) (NE.GDI.TOTL.ZS): EU countries by gross capital formation, share of GDP, 2023}},
  year = {2026},
  howpublished = {Data set},
  url = {https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.GDI.TOTL.ZS},
  urldate = {2026-10-18},
  note = {Accessed via Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/gross-capital-formation-gdp/eu-countries?period=2023. Publisher attribution: World Bank, World Development Indicators. Gross capital formation (\% of GDP) (NE.GDI.TOTL.ZS). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.GDI.TOTL.ZS. Retrieved 2026-10-18. Licensed under CC BY 4.0.},
}
RIS
TY  - DATA
AU  - World Bank
TI  - Gross capital formation (% of GDP) (NE.GDI.TOTL.ZS): EU countries by gross capital formation, share of GDP, 2023
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/08
PB  - World Bank
DB  - Invokely
UR  - https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.GDI.TOTL.ZS
L2  - https://invokely.ai/rankings/gross-capital-formation-gdp/eu-countries?period=2023
Y2  - 2026/10/18
N1  - Accessed via Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/gross-capital-formation-gdp/eu-countries?period=2023.
N1  - Publisher attribution: World Bank, World Development Indicators. Gross capital formation (% of GDP) (NE.GDI.TOTL.ZS). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.GDI.TOTL.ZS. Retrieved 2026-10-18. Licensed under CC BY 4.0.
ER  -
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Questions

Which EU country has the highest gross capital formation, share of GDP?

Czechia, with 28.2% of GDP in 2023, according to the World Bank.

Which EU country has the lowest gross capital formation, share of GDP?

Greece, with 16.2% of GDP in 2023.

Where does this ranking come from?

Every value comes from one source and one period, so the places are comparable: World Bank, Gross capital formation (% of GDP) (NE.GDI.TOTL.ZS). Retrieved 2026-10-18.

Gross capital formation, share of GDP: other rankings

EU countries: more rankings