Data / Rankings / Gross capital formation, share of GDP / EU countries

EU countries by gross capital formation, share of GDP

Estonia had the highest gross capital formation, share of GDP of 27 EU countries in 2021, at 30.9% of GDP. Greece had the lowest, at 17.5% of GDP. The median was 22.7% of GDP. Source: the World Bank.

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Highest30.9Estonia
Lowest17.5Greece
Median22.727 EU countries

Map of EU countries, 2021

Austria: 27.7 % of GDPBelgium: 24.4 % of GDPBulgaria: 20.7 % of GDPCyprus: 19.6 % of GDPCzechia: 28.1 % of GDPGermany: 22.7 % of GDPDenmark: 24 % of GDPEstonia: 30.9 % of GDPSpain: 21.9 % of GDPFinland: 24.8 % of GDPFrance: 23.4 % of GDPGreece: 17.5 % of GDPCroatia: 21.8 % of GDPHungary: 30.9 % of GDPIreland: 23 % of GDPItaly: 22 % of GDPLithuania: 21.8 % of GDPLuxembourg: 18.7 % of GDPLatvia: 25.7 % of GDPMalta: 23.1 % of GDPNetherlands: 22.2 % of GDPPoland: 21.8 % of GDPPortugal: 20.9 % of GDPRomania: 26.4 % of GDPSweden: 25.3 % of GDPSlovenia: 21.8 % of GDPSlovakia: 22.7 % of GDP
  • Under 22
  • 22 to 23
  • 23 to 26
  • 26 and over
% of GDP, 2021. Source: World Bank, Gross capital formation (% of GDP) (NE.GDI.TOTL.ZS). Boundaries: Natural Earth (public domain).

All EU countries, 2021

Estonia: 30.9 % of GDPEstonia30.9Hungary: 30.9 % of GDPHungary30.9Czechia: 28.1 % of GDPCzechia28.1Austria: 27.7 % of GDPAustria27.7Romania: 26.4 % of GDPRomania26.4Latvia: 25.7 % of GDPLatvia25.7Sweden: 25.3 % of GDPSweden25.3Finland: 24.8 % of GDPFinland24.8Belgium: 24.4 % of GDPBelgium24.4Denmark: 24 % of GDPDenmark24France: 23.4 % of GDPFrance23.4Malta: 23.1 % of GDPMalta23.1Ireland: 23 % of GDPIreland23Slovakia: 22.7 % of GDPSlovakia22.7Germany: 22.7 % of GDPGermany22.7Netherlands: 22.2 % of GDPNetherlands22.2Italy: 22 % of GDPItaly22Spain: 21.9 % of GDPSpain21.9Lithuania: 21.8 % of GDPLithuania21.8Poland: 21.8 % of GDPPoland21.8Slovenia: 21.8 % of GDPSlovenia21.8Croatia: 21.8 % of GDPCroatia21.8Portugal: 20.9 % of GDPPortugal20.9Bulgaria: 20.7 % of GDPBulgaria20.7Cyprus: 19.6 % of GDPCyprus19.6Luxembourg: 18.7 % of GDPLuxembourg18.7Greece: 17.5 % of GDPGreece17.5Estonia: 30.9 % of GDPEstonia30.9Hungary: 30.9 % of GDPHungary30.9Czechia: 28.1 % of GDPCzechia28.1Austria: 27.7 % of GDPAustria27.7Romania: 26.4 % of GDPRomania26.4Latvia: 25.7 % of GDPLatvia25.7Sweden: 25.3 % of GDPSweden25.3Finland: 24.8 % of GDPFinland24.8Belgium: 24.4 % of GDPBelgium24.4Denmark: 24 % of GDPDenmark24France: 23.4 % of GDPFrance23.4Malta: 23.1 % of GDPMalta23.1Ireland: 23 % of GDPIreland23Slovakia: 22.7 % of GDPSlovakia22.7Germany: 22.7 % of GDPGermany22.7Netherlands: 22.2 % of GDPNetherlands22.2Italy: 22 % of GDPItaly22Spain: 21.9 % of GDPSpain21.9Lithuania: 21.8 % of GDPLithuania21.8Poland: 21.8 % of GDPPoland21.8Slovenia: 21.8 % of GDPSlovenia21.8Croatia: 21.8 % of GDPCroatia21.8Portugal: 20.9 % of GDPPortugal20.9Bulgaria: 20.7 % of GDPBulgaria20.7Cyprus: 19.6 % of GDPCyprus19.6Luxembourg: 18.7 % of GDPLuxembourg18.7Greece: 17.5 % of GDPGreece17.5
% of GDP. Source: World Bank, Gross capital formation (% of GDP) (NE.GDI.TOTL.ZS). Retrieved 2026-10-18.

Full ranking

RankEU countries2021
% of GDP		Change on 2020
1Estonia30.9+1.3 pts
2Hungary30.9+3.5 pts
3Czechia28.1+3.4 pts
4Austria27.7+2 pts
5Romania26.4+2.1 pts
6Latvia25.7+3.6 pts
7Sweden25.3+0.9 pts
8Finland24.8-0.2 pts
9Belgium24.4+0.4 pts
10Denmark24+1.2 pts
11France23.4+0.6 pts
12Malta23.1+2.9 pts
13Ireland23-19.6 pts
14Slovakia22.7+2.5 pts
15Germany22.7+0.9 pts
16Netherlands22.2+0.8 pts
17Italy22+4.1 pts
18Spain21.9+1.2 pts
19Lithuania21.8+5.3 pts
20Poland21.8+3 pts
21Slovenia21.8+1.6 pts
22Croatia21.8-1.8 pts
23Portugal20.9+1.5 pts
24Bulgaria20.7+0.6 pts
25Cyprus19.6-1 pts
26Luxembourg18.7+0.8 pts
27Greece17.5+3.9 pts

Other periods

About this ranking

Acquisitions less disposals of produced assets for fixed capital formation, inventories or valuables, as a percentage of GDP. World Bank national accounts data, compiled from national statistical offices and central banks and from OECD national accounts files.

Includes the change in inventories, so it can be negative in a year when stocks are run down. For investment in fixed assets alone see gross_fixed_capital_formation_gdp. Current prices, so the share moves with relative prices as well as volumes. Countries that rebase their national accounts can shift it by several points. The latest year varies by country.

Every value in the ranking comes from the same publisher and the same period, so the EU countries are compared on one definition. Equal values share a rank.

How to cite

World Bank, World Development Indicators. Gross capital formation (% of GDP) (NE.GDI.TOTL.ZS). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.GDI.TOTL.ZS. Retrieved 2026-10-18. Licensed under CC BY 4.0.

Citation styles

The publisher is the author. Invokely is named only as the place the figures were read, where a style asks for it.

APA 7

World Bank. (2026). Gross capital formation (% of GDP) (NE.GDI.TOTL.ZS) (EU countries by gross capital formation, share of GDP, 2021) [Data set]. Retrieved October 18, 2026, from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.GDI.TOTL.ZS

MLA 9

Gross capital formation (% of GDP) (NE.GDI.TOTL.ZS), EU countries by gross capital formation, share of GDP, 2021. World Bank, 8 Oct. 2026, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.GDI.TOTL.ZS. Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/gross-capital-formation-gdp/eu-countries?period=2021. Accessed 18 Oct. 2026.

Chicago (author-date)

World Bank. 2026. Gross capital formation (% of GDP) (NE.GDI.TOTL.ZS). EU countries by gross capital formation, share of GDP, 2021. Dataset. Accessed October 18, 2026. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.GDI.TOTL.ZS. Also distributed by Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/gross-capital-formation-gdp/eu-countries?period=2021.

Harvard

World Bank (2026) Gross capital formation (% of GDP) (NE.GDI.TOTL.ZS), EU countries by gross capital formation, share of GDP, 2021 [Dataset]. Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.GDI.TOTL.ZS, via Invokely: https://invokely.ai/rankings/gross-capital-formation-gdp/eu-countries?period=2021 (Accessed: 18 October 2026).

BibTeX
@misc{world_eu_countries_by_gross_2021,
  author = {{World Bank}},
  title = {{Gross capital formation (\% of GDP) (NE.GDI.TOTL.ZS): EU countries by gross capital formation, share of GDP, 2021}},
  year = {2026},
  howpublished = {Data set},
  url = {https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.GDI.TOTL.ZS},
  urldate = {2026-10-18},
  note = {Accessed via Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/gross-capital-formation-gdp/eu-countries?period=2021. Publisher attribution: World Bank, World Development Indicators. Gross capital formation (\% of GDP) (NE.GDI.TOTL.ZS). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.GDI.TOTL.ZS. Retrieved 2026-10-18. Licensed under CC BY 4.0.},
}
RIS
TY  - DATA
AU  - World Bank
TI  - Gross capital formation (% of GDP) (NE.GDI.TOTL.ZS): EU countries by gross capital formation, share of GDP, 2021
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/08
PB  - World Bank
DB  - Invokely
UR  - https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.GDI.TOTL.ZS
L2  - https://invokely.ai/rankings/gross-capital-formation-gdp/eu-countries?period=2021
Y2  - 2026/10/18
N1  - Accessed via Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/gross-capital-formation-gdp/eu-countries?period=2021.
N1  - Publisher attribution: World Bank, World Development Indicators. Gross capital formation (% of GDP) (NE.GDI.TOTL.ZS). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.GDI.TOTL.ZS. Retrieved 2026-10-18. Licensed under CC BY 4.0.
ER  -
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Questions

Which EU country has the highest gross capital formation, share of GDP?

Estonia, with 30.9% of GDP in 2021, according to the World Bank.

Which EU country has the lowest gross capital formation, share of GDP?

Greece, with 17.5% of GDP in 2021.

Where does this ranking come from?

Every value comes from one source and one period, so the places are comparable: World Bank, Gross capital formation (% of GDP) (NE.GDI.TOTL.ZS). Retrieved 2026-10-18.

Gross capital formation, share of GDP: other rankings

EU countries: more rankings