Data / Rankings / Nonemployer businesses: other services / US states

US states by nonemployer businesses: other services

Florida had the highest nonemployer businesses: other services of 51 states in 2023, at 358,422. Alaska had the lowest, at 4,572. The median was 38,766 and the figure for the United States was 3.21 million. Source: the U.S. Census Bureau.

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Highest358,422Florida
Lowest4,572Alaska
Median38,76651 states
United States3,206,392History

Map of states, 2023

Alabama: 55,402 countAlaska: 4,572 countArizona: 61,484 countArkansas: 32,027 countCalifornia: 346,803 countColorado: 51,370 countConnecticut: 25,778 countDelaware: 7,515 countDistrict of Columbia: 5,510 countFlorida: 358,422 countGeorgia: 160,770 countHawaii: 12,725 countIdaho: 17,156 countIllinois: 119,457 countIndiana: 56,444 countIowa: 24,266 countKansas: 22,075 countKentucky: 40,696 countLouisiana: 57,192 countMaine: 11,312 countMaryland: 55,704 countMassachusetts: 48,869 countMichigan: 101,608 countMinnesota: 38,699 countMississippi: 38,766 countMissouri: 54,696 countMontana: 10,606 countNebraska: 16,528 countNevada: 34,321 countNew Hampshire: 10,493 countNew Jersey: 64,456 countNew Mexico: 13,663 countNew York: 158,576 countNorth Carolina: 111,452 countNorth Dakota: 5,686 countOhio: 93,877 countOklahoma: 38,268 countOregon: 28,981 countPennsylvania: 85,414 countRhode Island: 9,084 countSouth Carolina: 58,094 countSouth Dakota: 7,089 countTennessee: 83,779 countTexas: 353,827 countUtah: 29,499 countVermont: 5,106 countVirginia: 74,425 countWashington: 45,095 countWest Virginia: 12,113 countWisconsin: 41,305 countWyoming: 5,337 count
  • Under 11K
  • 11K to 24K
  • 24K to 39K
  • 39K to 56K
  • 56K to 91K
  • 91K and over
count, 2023. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: establishments (ESTAB), other services (NAICS 81), all legal forms. Boundaries: U.S. Census Bureau cartographic boundary files.

All states, 2023

Florida: 358,422 countFlorida358,422Texas: 353,827 countTexas353,827California: 346,803 countCalifornia346,803Georgia: 160,770 countGeorgia160,770New York: 158,576 countNew York158,576Illinois: 119,457 countIllinois119,457North Carolina: 111,452 countNorth Carolina111,452Michigan: 101,608 countMichigan101,608Ohio: 93,877 countOhio93,877Pennsylvania: 85,414 countPennsylvania85,414Tennessee: 83,779 countTennessee83,779Virginia: 74,425 countVirginia74,425New Jersey: 64,456 countNew Jersey64,456Arizona: 61,484 countArizona61,484South Carolina: 58,094 countSouth Carolina58,094Louisiana: 57,192 countLouisiana57,192Indiana: 56,444 countIndiana56,444Maryland: 55,704 countMaryland55,704Alabama: 55,402 countAlabama55,402Missouri: 54,696 countMissouri54,696Colorado: 51,370 countColorado51,370Massachusetts: 48,869 countMassachusetts48,869Washington: 45,095 countWashington45,095Wisconsin: 41,305 countWisconsin41,305Kentucky: 40,696 countKentucky40,696Mississippi: 38,766 countMississippi38,766Minnesota: 38,699 countMinnesota38,699Oklahoma: 38,268 countOklahoma38,268Nevada: 34,321 countNevada34,321Arkansas: 32,027 countArkansas32,027Utah: 29,499 countUtah29,499Oregon: 28,981 countOregon28,981Connecticut: 25,778 countConnecticut25,778Iowa: 24,266 countIowa24,266Kansas: 22,075 countKansas22,075Idaho: 17,156 countIdaho17,156Nebraska: 16,528 countNebraska16,528New Mexico: 13,663 countNew Mexico13,663Hawaii: 12,725 countHawaii12,725West Virginia: 12,113 countWest Virginia12,113Maine: 11,312 countMaine11,312Montana: 10,606 countMontana10,606New Hampshire: 10,493 countNew Hampshire10,493Rhode Island: 9,084 countRhode Island9,084Delaware: 7,515 countDelaware7,515South Dakota: 7,089 countSouth Dakota7,089North Dakota: 5,686 countNorth Dakota5,686District of Columbia: 5,510 countDistrict of Columbia5,510Wyoming: 5,337 countWyoming5,337Vermont: 5,106 countVermont5,106Alaska: 4,572 countAlaska4,572Florida: 358,422 countFlorida358,422Texas: 353,827 countTexas353,827California: 346,803 countCalifornia346,803Georgia: 160,770 countGeorgia160,770New York: 158,576 countNew York158,576Illinois: 119,457 countIllinois119,457North Carolina: 111,452 countNorth Carolina111,452Michigan: 101,608 countMichigan101,608Ohio: 93,877 countOhio93,877Pennsylvania: 85,414 countPennsylvania85,414Tennessee: 83,779 countTennessee83,779Virginia: 74,425 countVirginia74,425New Jersey: 64,456 countNew Jersey64,456Arizona: 61,484 countArizona61,484South Carolina: 58,094 countSouth Carolina58,094Louisiana: 57,192 countLouisiana57,192Indiana: 56,444 countIndiana56,444Maryland: 55,704 countMaryland55,704Alabama: 55,402 countAlabama55,402Missouri: 54,696 countMissouri54,696Colorado: 51,370 countColorado51,370Massachusetts: 48,869 countMassachusetts48,869Washington: 45,095 countWashington45,095Wisconsin: 41,305 countWisconsin41,305Kentucky: 40,696 countKentucky40,696Mississippi: 38,766 countMississippi38,766Minnesota: 38,699 countMinnesota38,699Oklahoma: 38,268 countOklahoma38,268Nevada: 34,321 countNevada34,321Arkansas: 32,027 countArkansas32,027Utah: 29,499 countUtah29,499Oregon: 28,981 countOregon28,981Connecticut: 25,778 countConnecticut25,778Iowa: 24,266 countIowa24,266Kansas: 22,075 countKansas22,075Idaho: 17,156 countIdaho17,156Nebraska: 16,528 countNebraska16,528New Mexico: 13,663 countNew Mexico13,663Hawaii: 12,725 countHawaii12,725West Virginia: 12,113 countWest Virginia12,113Maine: 11,312 countMaine11,312Montana: 10,606 countMontana10,606New Hampshire: 10,493 countNew Hampshire10,493Rhode Island: 9,084 countRhode Island9,084Delaware: 7,515 countDelaware7,515South Dakota: 7,089 countSouth Dakota7,089North Dakota: 5,686 countNorth Dakota5,686District of Columbia: 5,510 countDistrict of Columbia5,510Wyoming: 5,337 countWyoming5,337Vermont: 5,106 countVermont5,106Alaska: 4,572 countAlaska4,572
count. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: establishments (ESTAB), other services (NAICS 81), all legal forms. Retrieved 2026-10-12.

Full ranking

RankStates2023
count		Change on 2022
1Florida358,422+5.3%
2Texas353,827+3.6%
3California346,803+1.6%
4Georgia160,770+0.1%
5New York158,576+2.9%
6Illinois119,457+1.9%
7North Carolina111,452+2%
8Michigan101,608+0.3%
9Ohio93,877+1.3%
10Pennsylvania85,414+1.7%
11Tennessee83,779+2.2%
12Virginia74,425+2.5%
13New Jersey64,456+4.7%
14Arizona61,484+2.3%
15South Carolina58,094+1.7%
16Louisiana57,192-0.8%
17Indiana56,444+0.4%
18Maryland55,704+2.5%
19Alabama55,402+0.5%
20Missouri54,696+1.8%
21Colorado51,370+4.8%
22Massachusetts48,869+3.6%
23Washington45,095+3.3%
24Wisconsin41,305+1.4%
25Kentucky40,696+1.3%
26Mississippi38,766+1.5%
27Minnesota38,699+2.3%
28Oklahoma38,268+0.4%
29Nevada34,321+1.5%
30Arkansas32,027-0.2%
31Utah29,499+4.1%
32Oregon28,981+3.1%
33Connecticut25,778+5.1%
34Iowa24,266+0.4%
35Kansas22,075+1.1%
36Idaho17,156+3.3%
37Nebraska16,528+1.9%
38New Mexico13,663+0.2%
39Hawaii12,725+1.1%
40West Virginia12,113+0.3%
41Maine11,312+1.7%
42Montana10,606+4.1%
43New Hampshire10,493+1.7%
44Rhode Island9,084+2.2%
45Delaware7,515+2.9%
46South Dakota7,089+2%
47North Dakota5,686+0.2%
48District of Columbia5,510-0.2%
49Wyoming5,337+2.1%
50Vermont5,106+0.4%
51Alaska4,572-0.8%

Other periods

About this ranking

Number of businesses without paid employees in other services (repair and maintenance, personal and laundry services, and civic organizations) (NAICS 81), from the U.S. Census Bureau Nonemployer Statistics.

Nonemployer Statistics: businesses with no paid employees that are subject to federal income tax, mostly the self-employed, counted from tax records, with receipts above small minimum amounts. Census says some years are not comparable with earlier ones, and they are marked as series breaks: 2018 in every sector (businesses were reclassified from their descriptions, which moved many out of other services), 2022 in every sector (new receipts cutoffs) and 2017 in utilities (the same reclassification). Most nonemployers are sole proprietors whose business may be a side activity. Published about 18 months after the reference year.

Every value in the ranking comes from the same publisher and the same period, so the states are compared on one definition. Equal values share a rank.

How to cite

U.S. Census Bureau. Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: establishments (ESTAB), other services (NAICS 81), all legal forms. https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/nonemployer-statistics/datasets/2023/historical-datasets/. Retrieved 2026-10-12.

Citation styles

The publisher is the author. Invokely is named only as the place the figures were read, where a style asks for it.

APA 7

U.S. Census Bureau. (2025). Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: establishments (ESTAB), other services (NAICS 81), all legal forms (US states by nonemployer businesses: other services, 2023) [Data set]. Retrieved October 12, 2026, from https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/nonemployer-statistics/datasets/2023/historical-datasets/

MLA 9

Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: establishments (ESTAB), other services (NAICS 81), all legal forms, US states by nonemployer businesses: other services, 2023. U.S. Census Bureau, 15 May 2025, https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/nonemployer-statistics/datasets/2023/historical-datasets/. Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/nonemployer-businesses-other-services/us-states?period=2023. Accessed 12 Oct. 2026.

Chicago (author-date)

U.S. Census Bureau. 2025. Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: establishments (ESTAB), other services (NAICS 81), all legal forms. US states by nonemployer businesses: other services, 2023. Dataset. Accessed October 12, 2026. https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/nonemployer-statistics/datasets/2023/historical-datasets/. Also distributed by Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/nonemployer-businesses-other-services/us-states?period=2023.

Harvard

U.S. Census Bureau (2025) Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: establishments (ESTAB), other services (NAICS 81), all legal forms, US states by nonemployer businesses: other services, 2023 [Dataset]. Available at: https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/nonemployer-statistics/datasets/2023/historical-datasets/, via Invokely: https://invokely.ai/rankings/nonemployer-businesses-other-services/us-states?period=2023 (Accessed: 12 October 2026).

BibTeX
@misc{census_us_states_by_nonemployer_2023,
  author = {{U.S. Census Bureau}},
  title = {{Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: establishments (ESTAB), other services (NAICS 81), all legal forms: US states by nonemployer businesses: other services, 2023}},
  year = {2025},
  howpublished = {Data set},
  url = {https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/nonemployer-statistics/datasets/2023/historical-datasets/},
  urldate = {2026-10-12},
  note = {Accessed via Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/nonemployer-businesses-other-services/us-states?period=2023. Publisher attribution: U.S. Census Bureau. Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: establishments (ESTAB), other services (NAICS 81), all legal forms. https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/nonemployer-statistics/datasets/2023/historical-datasets/. Retrieved 2026-10-12.},
}
RIS
TY  - DATA
AU  - U.S. Census Bureau
TI  - Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: establishments (ESTAB), other services (NAICS 81), all legal forms: US states by nonemployer businesses: other services, 2023
PY  - 2025
DA  - 2025/05/15
PB  - U.S. Census Bureau
DB  - Invokely
UR  - https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/nonemployer-statistics/datasets/2023/historical-datasets/
L2  - https://invokely.ai/rankings/nonemployer-businesses-other-services/us-states?period=2023
Y2  - 2026/10/12
N1  - Accessed via Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/nonemployer-businesses-other-services/us-states?period=2023.
N1  - Publisher attribution: U.S. Census Bureau. Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: establishments (ESTAB), other services (NAICS 81), all legal forms. https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/nonemployer-statistics/datasets/2023/historical-datasets/. Retrieved 2026-10-12.
ER  -
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Questions

Which state has the highest nonemployer businesses: other services?

Florida, with 358,422 in 2023, according to the U.S. Census Bureau.

Which state has the lowest nonemployer businesses: other services?

Alaska, with 4,572 in 2023.

Where does this ranking come from?

Every value comes from one source and one period, so the places are comparable: U.S. Census Bureau, Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: establishments (ESTAB), other services (NAICS 81), all legal forms. Retrieved 2026-10-12.

US states: more rankings