Data / Rankings / Nonemployer businesses: other services / US states

US states by nonemployer businesses: other services

California had the highest nonemployer businesses: other services of 51 states in 2016, at 485,315. Alaska had the lowest, at 5,560. The median was 49,353 and the figure for the United States was 3.68 million. Source: the U.S. Census Bureau.

Keep it in a collection in your library.
Highest485,315California
Lowest5,560Alaska
Median49,35351 states
United States3,680,410History

Map of states, 2016

Alabama: 63,144 countAlaska: 5,560 countArizona: 67,540 countArkansas: 36,575 countCalifornia: 485,315 countColorado: 58,937 countConnecticut: 31,115 countDelaware: 7,992 countDistrict of Columbia: 6,954 countFlorida: 346,169 countGeorgia: 162,230 countHawaii: 16,605 countIdaho: 17,886 countIllinois: 148,194 countIndiana: 67,740 countIowa: 31,418 countKansas: 28,703 countKentucky: 49,353 countLouisiana: 65,952 countMaine: 14,284 countMaryland: 62,637 countMassachusetts: 60,802 countMichigan: 119,989 countMinnesota: 50,515 countMississippi: 42,822 countMissouri: 66,128 countMontana: 11,892 countNebraska: 20,639 countNevada: 33,807 countNew Hampshire: 12,760 countNew Jersey: 76,432 countNew Mexico: 16,777 countNew York: 214,101 countNorth Carolina: 123,738 countNorth Dakota: 7,587 countOhio: 107,426 countOklahoma: 46,262 countOregon: 34,402 countPennsylvania: 108,006 countRhode Island: 11,365 countSouth Carolina: 59,813 countSouth Dakota: 9,147 countTennessee: 90,661 countTexas: 336,731 countUtah: 29,289 countVermont: 7,107 countVirginia: 84,756 countWashington: 51,981 countWest Virginia: 15,254 countWisconsin: 49,762 countWyoming: 6,156 count
  • Under 12K
  • 12K to 29K
  • 29K to 49K
  • 49K to 64K
  • 64K to 110K
  • 110K and over
count, 2016. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: establishments (ESTAB), other services (NAICS 81), all legal forms. Boundaries: U.S. Census Bureau cartographic boundary files.

All states, 2016

California: 485,315 countCalifornia485,315Florida: 346,169 countFlorida346,169Texas: 336,731 countTexas336,731New York: 214,101 countNew York214,101Georgia: 162,230 countGeorgia162,230Illinois: 148,194 countIllinois148,194North Carolina: 123,738 countNorth Carolina123,738Michigan: 119,989 countMichigan119,989Pennsylvania: 108,006 countPennsylvania108,006Ohio: 107,426 countOhio107,426Tennessee: 90,661 countTennessee90,661Virginia: 84,756 countVirginia84,756New Jersey: 76,432 countNew Jersey76,432Indiana: 67,740 countIndiana67,740Arizona: 67,540 countArizona67,540Missouri: 66,128 countMissouri66,128Louisiana: 65,952 countLouisiana65,952Alabama: 63,144 countAlabama63,144Maryland: 62,637 countMaryland62,637Massachusetts: 60,802 countMassachusetts60,802South Carolina: 59,813 countSouth Carolina59,813Colorado: 58,937 countColorado58,937Washington: 51,981 countWashington51,981Minnesota: 50,515 countMinnesota50,515Wisconsin: 49,762 countWisconsin49,762Kentucky: 49,353 countKentucky49,353Oklahoma: 46,262 countOklahoma46,262Mississippi: 42,822 countMississippi42,822Arkansas: 36,575 countArkansas36,575Oregon: 34,402 countOregon34,402Nevada: 33,807 countNevada33,807Iowa: 31,418 countIowa31,418Connecticut: 31,115 countConnecticut31,115Utah: 29,289 countUtah29,289Kansas: 28,703 countKansas28,703Nebraska: 20,639 countNebraska20,639Idaho: 17,886 countIdaho17,886New Mexico: 16,777 countNew Mexico16,777Hawaii: 16,605 countHawaii16,605West Virginia: 15,254 countWest Virginia15,254Maine: 14,284 countMaine14,284New Hampshire: 12,760 countNew Hampshire12,760Montana: 11,892 countMontana11,892Rhode Island: 11,365 countRhode Island11,365South Dakota: 9,147 countSouth Dakota9,147Delaware: 7,992 countDelaware7,992North Dakota: 7,587 countNorth Dakota7,587Vermont: 7,107 countVermont7,107District of Columbia: 6,954 countDistrict of Columbia6,954Wyoming: 6,156 countWyoming6,156Alaska: 5,560 countAlaska5,560California: 485,315 countCalifornia485,315Florida: 346,169 countFlorida346,169Texas: 336,731 countTexas336,731New York: 214,101 countNew York214,101Georgia: 162,230 countGeorgia162,230Illinois: 148,194 countIllinois148,194North Carolina: 123,738 countNorth Carolina123,738Michigan: 119,989 countMichigan119,989Pennsylvania: 108,006 countPennsylvania108,006Ohio: 107,426 countOhio107,426Tennessee: 90,661 countTennessee90,661Virginia: 84,756 countVirginia84,756New Jersey: 76,432 countNew Jersey76,432Indiana: 67,740 countIndiana67,740Arizona: 67,540 countArizona67,540Missouri: 66,128 countMissouri66,128Louisiana: 65,952 countLouisiana65,952Alabama: 63,144 countAlabama63,144Maryland: 62,637 countMaryland62,637Massachusetts: 60,802 countMassachusetts60,802South Carolina: 59,813 countSouth Carolina59,813Colorado: 58,937 countColorado58,937Washington: 51,981 countWashington51,981Minnesota: 50,515 countMinnesota50,515Wisconsin: 49,762 countWisconsin49,762Kentucky: 49,353 countKentucky49,353Oklahoma: 46,262 countOklahoma46,262Mississippi: 42,822 countMississippi42,822Arkansas: 36,575 countArkansas36,575Oregon: 34,402 countOregon34,402Nevada: 33,807 countNevada33,807Iowa: 31,418 countIowa31,418Connecticut: 31,115 countConnecticut31,115Utah: 29,289 countUtah29,289Kansas: 28,703 countKansas28,703Nebraska: 20,639 countNebraska20,639Idaho: 17,886 countIdaho17,886New Mexico: 16,777 countNew Mexico16,777Hawaii: 16,605 countHawaii16,605West Virginia: 15,254 countWest Virginia15,254Maine: 14,284 countMaine14,284New Hampshire: 12,760 countNew Hampshire12,760Montana: 11,892 countMontana11,892Rhode Island: 11,365 countRhode Island11,365South Dakota: 9,147 countSouth Dakota9,147Delaware: 7,992 countDelaware7,992North Dakota: 7,587 countNorth Dakota7,587Vermont: 7,107 countVermont7,107District of Columbia: 6,954 countDistrict of Columbia6,954Wyoming: 6,156 countWyoming6,156Alaska: 5,560 countAlaska5,560
count. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: establishments (ESTAB), other services (NAICS 81), all legal forms. Retrieved 2026-10-12.

Full ranking

RankStates2016
count		Change on 2015
1California485,315-0.8%
2Florida346,169-0.7%
3Texas336,731+2%
4New York214,101-2.5%
5Georgia162,230-1.8%
6Illinois148,194-2.3%
7North Carolina123,738+0.7%
8Michigan119,989-2.5%
9Pennsylvania108,006-0.6%
10Ohio107,426-1.9%
11Tennessee90,661-0.1%
12Virginia84,756+1.7%
13New Jersey76,432-0.3%
14Indiana67,740-1.6%
15Arizona67,540+1.5%
16Missouri66,128-0.5%
17Louisiana65,952-1.2%
18Alabama63,144-1.9%
19Maryland62,637-2%
20Massachusetts60,802+1.2%
21South Carolina59,813+0.4%
22Colorado58,937+1.3%
23Washington51,981+0.3%
24Minnesota50,515-0.3%
25Wisconsin49,762-1.1%
26Kentucky49,353+0.3%
27Oklahoma46,262+0.4%
28Mississippi42,822-0.6%
29Arkansas36,575-0.3%
30Oregon34,402+0.8%
31Nevada33,807+2.4%
32Iowa31,418-0.2%
33Connecticut31,115-1%
34Utah29,289+3.3%
35Kansas28,7030%
36Nebraska20,639+1.2%
37Idaho17,886+2.1%
38New Mexico16,777+1.3%
39Hawaii16,605+2%
40West Virginia15,254-0.3%
41Maine14,284+0.2%
42New Hampshire12,760+1%
43Montana11,892+1.3%
44Rhode Island11,365+0.1%
45South Dakota9,147+2.1%
46Delaware7,992+1.8%
47North Dakota7,587+1.9%
48Vermont7,107-0.5%
49District of Columbia6,954+2.2%
50Wyoming6,156+0.9%
51Alaska5,560-0.1%

Other periods

About this ranking

Number of businesses without paid employees in other services (repair and maintenance, personal and laundry services, and civic organizations) (NAICS 81), from the U.S. Census Bureau Nonemployer Statistics.

Nonemployer Statistics: businesses with no paid employees that are subject to federal income tax, mostly the self-employed, counted from tax records, with receipts above small minimum amounts. Census says some years are not comparable with earlier ones, and they are marked as series breaks: 2018 in every sector (businesses were reclassified from their descriptions, which moved many out of other services), 2022 in every sector (new receipts cutoffs) and 2017 in utilities (the same reclassification). Most nonemployers are sole proprietors whose business may be a side activity. Published about 18 months after the reference year.

Every value in the ranking comes from the same publisher and the same period, so the states are compared on one definition. Equal values share a rank.

How to cite

U.S. Census Bureau. Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: establishments (ESTAB), other services (NAICS 81), all legal forms. https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/nonemployer-statistics/datasets/2016/historical-datasets/. Retrieved 2026-10-12.

Citation styles

The publisher is the author. Invokely is named only as the place the figures were read, where a style asks for it.

APA 7

U.S. Census Bureau. (2018). Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: establishments (ESTAB), other services (NAICS 81), all legal forms (US states by nonemployer businesses: other services, 2016) [Data set]. Retrieved October 12, 2026, from https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/nonemployer-statistics/datasets/2016/historical-datasets/

MLA 9

Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: establishments (ESTAB), other services (NAICS 81), all legal forms, US states by nonemployer businesses: other services, 2016. U.S. Census Bureau, 21 June 2018, https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/nonemployer-statistics/datasets/2016/historical-datasets/. Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/nonemployer-businesses-other-services/us-states?period=2016. Accessed 12 Oct. 2026.

Chicago (author-date)

U.S. Census Bureau. 2018. Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: establishments (ESTAB), other services (NAICS 81), all legal forms. US states by nonemployer businesses: other services, 2016. Dataset. Accessed October 12, 2026. https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/nonemployer-statistics/datasets/2016/historical-datasets/. Also distributed by Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/nonemployer-businesses-other-services/us-states?period=2016.

Harvard

U.S. Census Bureau (2018) Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: establishments (ESTAB), other services (NAICS 81), all legal forms, US states by nonemployer businesses: other services, 2016 [Dataset]. Available at: https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/nonemployer-statistics/datasets/2016/historical-datasets/, via Invokely: https://invokely.ai/rankings/nonemployer-businesses-other-services/us-states?period=2016 (Accessed: 12 October 2026).

BibTeX
@misc{census_us_states_by_nonemployer_2016,
  author = {{U.S. Census Bureau}},
  title = {{Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: establishments (ESTAB), other services (NAICS 81), all legal forms: US states by nonemployer businesses: other services, 2016}},
  year = {2018},
  howpublished = {Data set},
  url = {https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/nonemployer-statistics/datasets/2016/historical-datasets/},
  urldate = {2026-10-12},
  note = {Accessed via Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/nonemployer-businesses-other-services/us-states?period=2016. Publisher attribution: U.S. Census Bureau. Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: establishments (ESTAB), other services (NAICS 81), all legal forms. https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/nonemployer-statistics/datasets/2016/historical-datasets/. Retrieved 2026-10-12.},
}
RIS
TY  - DATA
AU  - U.S. Census Bureau
TI  - Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: establishments (ESTAB), other services (NAICS 81), all legal forms: US states by nonemployer businesses: other services, 2016
PY  - 2018
DA  - 2018/06/21
PB  - U.S. Census Bureau
DB  - Invokely
UR  - https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/nonemployer-statistics/datasets/2016/historical-datasets/
L2  - https://invokely.ai/rankings/nonemployer-businesses-other-services/us-states?period=2016
Y2  - 2026/10/12
N1  - Accessed via Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/nonemployer-businesses-other-services/us-states?period=2016.
N1  - Publisher attribution: U.S. Census Bureau. Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: establishments (ESTAB), other services (NAICS 81), all legal forms. https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/nonemployer-statistics/datasets/2016/historical-datasets/. Retrieved 2026-10-12.
ER  -
Embed this chart

Paste this code into a web page or a blog post. The chart shows the latest figures as they are published, with the source and a link back to this page.

Sites that read oEmbed links, such as WordPress, can show the chart when you paste the link to this page.

Use this data in your AI agent

Invokely serves this figure to AI assistants through MCP and to code through a REST API, with the source and citation attached. Ask your assistant:

Rank US states by nonemployer businesses: other services using official data, and cite the source.
rank_places {"indicator":"nonemployer_establishments_other_services","level":"region","within":"United States","limit":10}
GET https://invokely.ai/api/v1/rank?indicator=nonemployer_establishments_other_services&level=region&within=United%20States&limit=10

Connect Claude, ChatGPT or Cursor in one step. The trial answers 25 calls a day without an account.

Questions

Which state has the highest nonemployer businesses: other services?

California, with 485,315 in 2016, according to the U.S. Census Bureau.

Which state has the lowest nonemployer businesses: other services?

Alaska, with 5,560 in 2016.

Where does this ranking come from?

Every value comes from one source and one period, so the places are comparable: U.S. Census Bureau, Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: establishments (ESTAB), other services (NAICS 81), all legal forms. Retrieved 2026-10-12.

US states: more rankings