US states by nonemployer business receipts: construction

Texas had the highest nonemployer business receipts: construction of 51 states in 2023, at $32.74 billion. District of Columbia had the lowest, at $153.58 million. The median was $3.68 billion and the figure for the United States was $246 billion. Source: the U.S. Census Bureau.

Highest32,742.4Texas

Lowest153.6District of Columbia

Median3,676.951 states

United States246,000.2History

Map of states, 2023

Under 800
800 to 1,900
1,900 to 3,700
3,700 to 4,400
4,400 to 7,900
7,900 and over

USD million, 2023. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: receipts (RCPTOT), construction (NAICS 23), all legal forms and receipts sizes. Boundaries: U.S. Census Bureau cartographic boundary files.

All states, 2023

USD million. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: receipts (RCPTOT), construction (NAICS 23), all legal forms and receipts sizes. Retrieved 2026-10-12.

Full ranking

Rank	States	2023 USD million	Change on 2022
1	Texas	32,742.4	+0.8%
2	Florida	21,074.1	+8.6%
3	California	17,876.6	+1%
4	Georgia	10,944.7	+0.6%
5	New York	9,508.6	+5.3%
6	North Carolina	9,206.6	+1.7%
7	Pennsylvania	8,296.1	+3.7%
8	Ohio	8,246.8	+5%
9	Tennessee	8,021.7	+5.8%
10	Illinois	7,508.6	+5.5%
11	Michigan	6,581.2	+2%
12	Massachusetts	6,533.1	+5.6%
13	New Jersey	6,457.7	+4%
14	Colorado	5,946.3	+5.3%
15	Virginia	5,793.4	+2.9%
16	Missouri	4,590.7	+6.5%
17	Arizona	4,463	+0.4%
18	Indiana	4,380.1	+3.4%
19	South Carolina	4,311.9	+2.8%
20	Maryland	4,213.1	+6.1%
21	Alabama	3,964.4	+2.4%
22	Wisconsin	3,856.7	+3.1%
23	Kentucky	3,792.9	+7.9%
24	Oklahoma	3,729.9	+5.2%
25	Minnesota	3,697.2	+2.7%
26	Connecticut	3,676.9	+3.8%
27	Washington	3,437.6	+1.9%
28	Louisiana	3,344.6	-12.8%
29	Arkansas	2,951.4	+5.4%
30	Mississippi	2,504.6	+4.2%
31	Iowa	2,460.7	+3.8%
32	Utah	2,303.2	+6.8%
33	Oregon	2,198.6	+0.4%
34	Kansas	1,882	+6.1%
35	New Hampshire	1,807.9	+2.7%
36	Idaho	1,655.6	+0.6%
37	Maine	1,556.6	+6.7%
38	Montana	1,451.9	+5%
39	Nebraska	1,388.6	+3.3%
40	Nevada	936.1	-0.4%
41	New Mexico	869.4	+2.9%
42	Hawaii	774	+4.2%
43	Delaware	765.8	+5.9%
44	Vermont	734.2	+7.8%
45	Rhode Island	733.2	+3.9%
46	South Dakota	711.5	+3.8%
47	West Virginia	605.7	+5.7%
48	North Dakota	479.4	+4.5%
49	Wyoming	470.7	+4.9%
50	Alaska	408.8	+8.2%
51	District of Columbia	153.6	-9.5%

Other periods

About this ranking

Receipts of businesses without paid employees in construction (NAICS 23), in millions of current US dollars, from the U.S. Census Bureau Nonemployer Statistics.

Nonemployer Statistics: businesses with no paid employees that are subject to federal income tax, mostly the self-employed, counted from tax records, with receipts above small minimum amounts. Census says some years are not comparable with earlier ones, and they are marked as series breaks: 2018 in every sector (businesses were reclassified from their descriptions, which moved many out of other services), 2022 in every sector (new receipts cutoffs) and 2017 in utilities (the same reclassification). Most nonemployers are sole proprietors whose business may be a side activity. Published about 18 months after the reference year. Receipts are published in thousands of dollars with noise added to protect individual businesses, and are not adjusted for inflation.

Every value in the ranking comes from the same publisher and the same period, so the states are compared on one definition. Equal values share a rank.

How to cite

U.S. Census Bureau. Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: receipts (RCPTOT), construction (NAICS 23), all legal forms and receipts sizes. https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/nonemployer-statistics/datasets/2023/historical-datasets/. Retrieved 2026-10-12.

Citation styles

The publisher is the author. Invokely is named only as the place the figures were read, where a style asks for it.

APA 7

U.S. Census Bureau. (2025). Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: receipts (RCPTOT), construction (NAICS 23), all legal forms and receipts sizes (US states by nonemployer business receipts: construction, 2023) [Data set]. Retrieved October 12, 2026, from https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/nonemployer-statistics/datasets/2023/historical-datasets/

MLA 9

Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: receipts (RCPTOT), construction (NAICS 23), all legal forms and receipts sizes, US states by nonemployer business receipts: construction, 2023. U.S. Census Bureau, 15 May 2025, https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/nonemployer-statistics/datasets/2023/historical-datasets/. Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/nonemployer-receipts-construction/us-states?period=2023. Accessed 12 Oct. 2026.

Chicago (author-date)

U.S. Census Bureau. 2025. Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: receipts (RCPTOT), construction (NAICS 23), all legal forms and receipts sizes. US states by nonemployer business receipts: construction, 2023. Dataset. Accessed October 12, 2026. https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/nonemployer-statistics/datasets/2023/historical-datasets/. Also distributed by Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/nonemployer-receipts-construction/us-states?period=2023.

Harvard

U.S. Census Bureau (2025) Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: receipts (RCPTOT), construction (NAICS 23), all legal forms and receipts sizes, US states by nonemployer business receipts: construction, 2023 [Dataset]. Available at: https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/nonemployer-statistics/datasets/2023/historical-datasets/, via Invokely: https://invokely.ai/rankings/nonemployer-receipts-construction/us-states?period=2023 (Accessed: 12 October 2026).

BibTeX

@misc{census_us_states_by_nonemployer_2023,
  author = {{U.S. Census Bureau}},
  title = {{Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: receipts (RCPTOT), construction (NAICS 23), all legal forms and receipts sizes: US states by nonemployer business receipts: construction, 2023}},
  year = {2025},
  howpublished = {Data set},
  url = {https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/nonemployer-statistics/datasets/2023/historical-datasets/},
  urldate = {2026-10-12},
  note = {Accessed via Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/nonemployer-receipts-construction/us-states?period=2023. Publisher attribution: U.S. Census Bureau. Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: receipts (RCPTOT), construction (NAICS 23), all legal forms and receipts sizes. https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/nonemployer-statistics/datasets/2023/historical-datasets/. Retrieved 2026-10-12.},
}

RIS

TY  - DATA
AU  - U.S. Census Bureau
TI  - Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: receipts (RCPTOT), construction (NAICS 23), all legal forms and receipts sizes: US states by nonemployer business receipts: construction, 2023
PY  - 2025
DA  - 2025/05/15
PB  - U.S. Census Bureau
DB  - Invokely
UR  - https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/nonemployer-statistics/datasets/2023/historical-datasets/
L2  - https://invokely.ai/rankings/nonemployer-receipts-construction/us-states?period=2023
Y2  - 2026/10/12
N1  - Accessed via Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/nonemployer-receipts-construction/us-states?period=2023.
N1  - Publisher attribution: U.S. Census Bureau. Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: receipts (RCPTOT), construction (NAICS 23), all legal forms and receipts sizes. https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/nonemployer-statistics/datasets/2023/historical-datasets/. Retrieved 2026-10-12.
ER  -

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Questions

Which state has the highest nonemployer business receipts: construction?

Texas, with $32.74 billion in 2023, according to the U.S. Census Bureau.

Which state has the lowest nonemployer business receipts: construction?

District of Columbia, with $153.58 million in 2023.

Where does this ranking come from?

Every value comes from one source and one period, so the places are comparable: U.S. Census Bureau, Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: receipts (RCPTOT), construction (NAICS 23), all legal forms and receipts sizes. Retrieved 2026-10-12.