Data / Rankings / Labor force participation rate (US five-year survey estimate) / Cities in Michigan

Cities in Michigan by labor force participation rate (US five-year survey estimate)

Ferndale, MI had the highest labor force participation rate (US five-year survey estimate) of 90 cities in 2021, at 81.6%. Hamtramck, MI had the lowest, at 44.3%. The median was 63.7% and the figure for Michigan was 61.6%. Source: the U.S. Census Bureau.

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Highest81.6Ferndale, MI
Lowest44.3Hamtramck, MI
Median63.790 cities
Michigan61.6History

Top 40 cities, 2021

Ferndale, MI: 81.6 %Ferndale, MI81.6Wixom, MI: 78.9 %Wixom, MI78.9Berkley, MI: 76.3 %Berkley, MI76.3Royal Oak, MI: 75.8 %Royal Oak, MI75.8Grosse Pointe Park, MI: 73.4 %Grosse Pointe Park, MI73.4Grandville, MI: 73 %Grandville, MI73East Grand Rapids, MI: 71.6 %East Grand Rapids, MI71.6Walker, MI: 71.5 %Walker, MI71.5Wyoming, MI: 70.9 %Wyoming, MI70.9Auburn Hills, MI: 70.8 %Auburn Hills, MI70.8Kentwood, MI: 70.7 %Kentwood, MI70.7Birmingham, MI: 69 %Birmingham, MI69South Lyon, MI: 69 %South Lyon, MI69Portage, MI: 68.9 %Portage, MI68.9Clawson, MI: 68.8 %Clawson, MI68.8Madison Heights, MI: 68.7 %Madison Heights, MI68.7Grand Rapids, MI: 68.4 %Grand Rapids, MI68.4Novi, MI: 68.1 %Novi, MI68.1Farmington Hills, MI: 67.3 %Farmington Hills, MI67.3Farmington, MI: 67.2 %Farmington, MI67.2Grosse Pointe Woods, MI: 66.9 %Grosse Pointe Woods, MI66.9Lansing, MI: 66.9 %Lansing, MI66.9Fenton, MI: 66.7 %Fenton, MI66.7Ypsilanti, MI: 66.7 %Ypsilanti, MI66.7Rochester, MI: 66.6 %Rochester, MI66.6Holland, MI: 66.6 %Holland, MI66.6Hazel Park, MI: 66.2 %Hazel Park, MI66.2Sturgis, MI: 65.9 %Sturgis, MI65.9Fraser, MI: 65.6 %Fraser, MI65.6Oak Park, MI: 65.6 %Oak Park, MI65.6Kalamazoo, MI: 65.5 %Kalamazoo, MI65.5Beverly Hills, MI: 65.1 %Beverly Hills, MI65.1Romulus, MI: 65.1 %Romulus, MI65.1Owosso, MI: 64.8 %Owosso, MI64.8Garden City, MI: 64.5 %Garden City, MI64.5Roseville, MI: 64.4 %Roseville, MI64.4Harper Woods, MI: 64.4 %Harper Woods, MI64.4New Baltimore, MI: 64.4 %New Baltimore, MI64.4Troy, MI: 64 %Troy, MI64St. Clair Shores, MI: 64 %St. Clair Shores, MI64Ferndale, MI: 81.6 %Ferndale, MI81.6Wixom, MI: 78.9 %Wixom, MI78.9Berkley, MI: 76.3 %Berkley, MI76.3Royal Oak, MI: 75.8 %Royal Oak, MI75.8Grosse Pointe Park, MI: 73.4 %Grosse Pointe Park, MI73.4Grandville, MI: 73 %Grandville, MI73East Grand Rapids, MI: 71.6 %East Grand Rapids, MI71.6Walker, MI: 71.5 %Walker, MI71.5Wyoming, MI: 70.9 %Wyoming, MI70.9Auburn Hills, MI: 70.8 %Auburn Hills, MI70.8Kentwood, MI: 70.7 %Kentwood, MI70.7Birmingham, MI: 69 %Birmingham, MI69South Lyon, MI: 69 %South Lyon, MI69Portage, MI: 68.9 %Portage, MI68.9Clawson, MI: 68.8 %Clawson, MI68.8Madison Heights, MI: 68.7 %Madison Heights, MI68.7Grand Rapids, MI: 68.4 %Grand Rapids, MI68.4Novi, MI: 68.1 %Novi, MI68.1Farmington Hills, MI: 67.3 %Farmington Hills, MI67.3Farmington, MI: 67.2 %Farmington, MI67.2Grosse Pointe Woods, MI: 66.9 %Grosse Pointe Woods, MI66.9Lansing, MI: 66.9 %Lansing, MI66.9Fenton, MI: 66.7 %Fenton, MI66.7Ypsilanti, MI: 66.7 %Ypsilanti, MI66.7Rochester, MI: 66.6 %Rochester, MI66.6Holland, MI: 66.6 %Holland, MI66.6Hazel Park, MI: 66.2 %Hazel Park, MI66.2Sturgis, MI: 65.9 %Sturgis, MI65.9Fraser, MI: 65.6 %Fraser, MI65.6Oak Park, MI: 65.6 %Oak Park, MI65.6Kalamazoo, MI: 65.5 %Kalamazoo, MI65.5Beverly Hills, MI: 65.1 %Beverly Hills, MI65.1Romulus, MI: 65.1 %Romulus, MI65.1Owosso, MI: 64.8 %Owosso, MI64.8Garden City, MI: 64.5 %Garden City, MI64.5Roseville, MI: 64.4 %Roseville, MI64.4Harper Woods, MI: 64.4 %Harper Woods, MI64.4New Baltimore, MI: 64.4 %New Baltimore, MI64.4Troy, MI: 64 %Troy, MI64St. Clair Shores, MI: 64 %St. Clair Shores, MI64
%. Source: Invokely calculation with data from U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 2026-10-12.

Full ranking

RankCities2021 (%)
1Ferndale, MI81.6
2Wixom, MI78.9
3Berkley, MI76.3
4Royal Oak, MI75.8
5Grosse Pointe Park, MI73.4
6Grandville, MI73
7East Grand Rapids, MI71.6
8Walker, MI71.5
9Wyoming, MI70.9
10Auburn Hills, MI70.8
11Kentwood, MI70.7
12Birmingham, MI69
12South Lyon, MI69
14Portage, MI68.9
15Clawson, MI68.8
16Madison Heights, MI68.7
17Grand Rapids, MI68.4
18Novi, MI68.1
19Farmington Hills, MI67.3
20Farmington, MI67.2
21Grosse Pointe Woods, MI66.9
22Lansing, MI66.9
23Fenton, MI66.7
24Ypsilanti, MI66.7
25Rochester, MI66.6
26Holland, MI66.6
27Hazel Park, MI66.2
28Sturgis, MI65.9
29Fraser, MI65.6
30Oak Park, MI65.6
31Kalamazoo, MI65.5
32Beverly Hills, MI65.1
32Romulus, MI65.1
34Owosso, MI64.8
35Garden City, MI64.5
36Roseville, MI64.4
37Harper Woods, MI64.4
38New Baltimore, MI64.4
39Troy, MI64
40St. Clair Shores, MI64
41Rochester Hills, MI64
42Flat Rock, MI63.9
43Sault Ste. Marie, MI63.8
44Niles, MI63.8
45Livonia, MI63.7
46Allen Park, MI63.6
47Westland, MI63.6
48Norton Shores, MI63.5
49Marquette, MI63.2
50Warren, MI63.1
51Southgate, MI63
52Traverse City, MI63
53Sterling Heights, MI62.8
54Wayne, MI62.7
55Wyandotte, MI62.3
56Battle Creek, MI61.8
57Ann Arbor, MI61.8
58Bay City, MI61.7
59Eastpointe, MI61.6
60Taylor, MI61.5
61Jackson, MI61.4
62Pontiac, MI61.1
63Southfield, MI61
64Port Huron, MI60.6
65Monroe, MI59.9
66Mount Pleasant, MI59.8
67Lincoln Park, MI59.7
68Midland, MI59.7
69Burton, MI59.6
70Inkster, MI59.2
71Grand Haven, MI58.9
72Trenton, MI58.4
73Mount Clemens, MI58.1
74Woodhaven, MI58
75Cadillac, MI57.6
76Riverview, MI56.7
77Dearborn Heights, MI56.6
78Alpena, MI56.5
79East Lansing, MI56.1
80Dearborn, MI55.8
81Melvindale, MI54.6
82Detroit, MI54.3
83Saginaw, MI54
84Flint, MI53.6
85Adrian, MI53.4
86Escanaba, MI51.9
86Muskegon, MI51.9
88Coldwater, MI50.7
89Ionia, MI44.8
90Hamtramck, MI44.3

Other periods

About this ranking

People aged 16 and over in the labor force (employed, unemployed or in the Armed Forces) as a percentage of all people aged 16 and over, including people in group quarters. United States: American Community Survey five-year estimate, where the period shown is the last year of the five-year span.

The Census Bureau definition used in its data profiles. It differs from the BLS labor_force_participation_rate, which counts the civilian noninstitutional population only.

Every value in the ranking comes from the same publisher and the same period, so the cities are compared on one definition. Equal values share a rank.

How to cite

U.S. Census Bureau. American Community Survey 5-year estimates, table B23025: population 16 years and over in the labor force as a percentage of the population 16 years and over, calculated with stored inputs, US cities (incorporated places of 10,000 or more). https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2021/table-based-SF/data/5YRData/acsdt5y2021-b23025.dat. Retrieved 2026-10-12.

Citation styles

The publisher is the author. Invokely is named only as the place the figures were read, where a style asks for it.

APA 7

U.S. Census Bureau. (2026). American Community Survey 5-year estimates, table B23025: population 16 years and over in the labor force as a percentage of the population 16 years and over, calculated with stored inputs, US cities (incorporated places of 10,000 or more) (Cities in Michigan by labor force participation rate (US five-year survey estimate), 2021) [Data set]. Retrieved October 12, 2026, from https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2021/table-based-SF/data/5YRData/acsdt5y2021-b23025.dat

MLA 9

American Community Survey 5-year estimates, table B23025: population 16 years and over in the labor force as a percentage of the population 16 years and over, calculated with stored inputs, US cities (incorporated places of 10,000 or more), Cities in Michigan by labor force participation rate (US five-year survey estimate), 2021. U.S. Census Bureau, 29 Jan. 2026, https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2021/table-based-SF/data/5YRData/acsdt5y2021-b23025.dat. Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/labor-force-participation-rate-acs/michigan-cities?period=2021. Accessed 12 Oct. 2026.

Chicago (author-date)

U.S. Census Bureau. 2026. American Community Survey 5-year estimates, table B23025: population 16 years and over in the labor force as a percentage of the population 16 years and over, calculated with stored inputs, US cities (incorporated places of 10,000 or more). Cities in Michigan by labor force participation rate (US five-year survey estimate), 2021. Dataset. Accessed October 12, 2026. https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2021/table-based-SF/data/5YRData/acsdt5y2021-b23025.dat. Also distributed by Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/labor-force-participation-rate-acs/michigan-cities?period=2021.

Harvard

U.S. Census Bureau (2026) American Community Survey 5-year estimates, table B23025: population 16 years and over in the labor force as a percentage of the population 16 years and over, calculated with stored inputs, US cities (incorporated places of 10,000 or more), Cities in Michigan by labor force participation rate (US five-year survey estimate), 2021 [Dataset]. Available at: https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2021/table-based-SF/data/5YRData/acsdt5y2021-b23025.dat, via Invokely: https://invokely.ai/rankings/labor-force-participation-rate-acs/michigan-cities?period=2021 (Accessed: 12 October 2026).

BibTeX
@misc{census_cities_in_michigan_by_2021,
  author = {{U.S. Census Bureau}},
  title = {{American Community Survey 5-year estimates, table B23025: population 16 years and over in the labor force as a percentage of the population 16 years and over, calculated with stored inputs, US cities (incorporated places of 10,000 or more): Cities in Michigan by labor force participation rate (US five-year survey estimate), 2021}},
  year = {2026},
  howpublished = {Data set},
  url = {https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2021/table-based-SF/data/5YRData/acsdt5y2021-b23025.dat},
  urldate = {2026-10-12},
  note = {Accessed via Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/labor-force-participation-rate-acs/michigan-cities?period=2021. Publisher attribution: U.S. Census Bureau. American Community Survey 5-year estimates, table B23025: population 16 years and over in the labor force as a percentage of the population 16 years and over, calculated with stored inputs, US cities (incorporated places of 10,000 or more). https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary\_file/2021/table-based-SF/data/5YRData/acsdt5y2021-b23025.dat. Retrieved 2026-10-12.},
}
RIS
TY  - DATA
AU  - U.S. Census Bureau
TI  - American Community Survey 5-year estimates, table B23025: population 16 years and over in the labor force as a percentage of the population 16 years and over, calculated with stored inputs, US cities (incorporated places of 10,000 or more): Cities in Michigan by labor force participation rate (US five-year survey estimate), 2021
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/01/29
PB  - U.S. Census Bureau
DB  - Invokely
UR  - https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2021/table-based-SF/data/5YRData/acsdt5y2021-b23025.dat
L2  - https://invokely.ai/rankings/labor-force-participation-rate-acs/michigan-cities?period=2021
Y2  - 2026/10/12
N1  - Accessed via Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/labor-force-participation-rate-acs/michigan-cities?period=2021.
N1  - Publisher attribution: U.S. Census Bureau. American Community Survey 5-year estimates, table B23025: population 16 years and over in the labor force as a percentage of the population 16 years and over, calculated with stored inputs, US cities (incorporated places of 10,000 or more). https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2021/table-based-SF/data/5YRData/acsdt5y2021-b23025.dat. Retrieved 2026-10-12.
ER  -
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Rank Cities in Michigan by labor force participation rate (US five-year survey estimate) using official data, and cite the source.
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Questions

Which city has the highest labor force participation rate (US five-year survey estimate)?

Ferndale, MI, with 81.6% in 2021, according to the U.S. Census Bureau.

Which city has the lowest labor force participation rate (US five-year survey estimate)?

Hamtramck, MI, with 44.3% in 2021.

Where does this ranking come from?

Every value comes from one source and one period, so the places are comparable: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 5-year estimates, table B23025: population 16 years and over in the labor force as a percentage of the population 16 years and over, calculated with stored inputs, US cities (incorporated places of 10,000 or more). Retrieved 2026-10-12.

Labor force participation rate (US five-year survey estimate): other rankings

Cities in Michigan: more rankings