EU countries by people unable to keep their home adequately warm

Portugal had the highest people unable to keep their home adequately warm of 27 EU countries in 2023, at 20.8%. Luxembourg had the lowest, at 2.1%. The median was 7.1% and the figure for the European Union (27) was 10.6%. Source: Eurostat, European Commission.

Highest20.8Portugal

Lowest2.1Luxembourg

Median7.127 EU countries

European Union (27)10.6History

Map of EU countries, 2023

Under 4.9
4.9 to 6.7
6.7 to 7.7
7.7 to 16
16 and over

%, 2023. Source: Eurostat, Inability to keep home adequately warm, total population, all household types and incomes (ilc_mdes01). Boundaries: Natural Earth (public domain).

All EU countries, 2023

%. Source: Eurostat, Inability to keep home adequately warm, total population, all household types and incomes (ilc_mdes01). Retrieved 2026-10-12.

Full ranking

Rank	EU countries	2023 (%)	Change on 2022
1	Portugal	20.8	+3.3 pts
1	Spain	20.8	+3.7 pts
3	Bulgaria	20.7	-1.8 pts
4	Lithuania Series break	20	+2.5 pts
5	Greece	19.2	+0.5 pts
6	Cyprus	17.1	-1.9 pts
7	Romania	12.5	-2.7 pts
8	France	12.1	+1.4 pts
9	Italy	9.5	+0.7 pts
10	Germany	8.2	+1.5 pts
11	Slovakia	8.1	+1 pts
12	Ireland	7.2	+0.4 pts
13	Hungary	7.1	+2.5 pts
13	Netherlands	7.1	+1.8 pts
15	Denmark	6.9	+1.8 pts
16	Malta	6.8	-0.8 pts
17	Latvia	6.6	-0.5 pts
18	Croatia	6.2	-0.8 pts
19	Czechia	6.1	+3.2 pts
20	Belgium	6	+1 pts
21	Sweden	5.9	+2.6 pts
22	Poland	4.7	-0.2 pts
23	Estonia	4.1	+0.7 pts
24	Austria	3.9	+1.2 pts
25	Slovenia	3.6	+1 pts
26	Finland	2.6	+1.2 pts
27	Luxembourg	2.1	0 pts

Other periods

About this ranking

Share of the population living in households that cannot afford to keep their home adequately warm (EU-SILC, all household types and incomes).

EU statistics on income and living conditions (EU-SILC). The reference year is the survey year. Self-reported by households; a share of people, not of households. One of the EU energy poverty indicators.

Every value in the ranking comes from the same publisher and the same period, so the EU countries are compared on one definition. Equal values share a rank.

How to cite

Eurostat. Inability to keep home adequately warm, total population, all household types and incomes (ilc_mdes01). https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/ilc_mdes01/default/table. Retrieved 2026-10-12.

Citation styles

The publisher is the author. Invokely is named only as the place the figures were read, where a style asks for it.

APA 7

Eurostat, European Commission. (2026). Inability to keep home adequately warm, total population, all household types and incomes (ilc_mdes01) (EU countries by people unable to keep their home adequately warm, 2023) [Data set]. Retrieved October 12, 2026, from https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/ilc_mdes01/default/table

MLA 9

Inability to keep home adequately warm, total population, all household types and incomes (ilc_mdes01), EU countries by people unable to keep their home adequately warm, 2023. Eurostat, European Commission, 17 Sept. 2026, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/ilc_mdes01/default/table. Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/unable-to-keep-home-warm/eu-countries?period=2023. Accessed 12 Oct. 2026.

Chicago (author-date)

Eurostat, European Commission. 2026. Inability to keep home adequately warm, total population, all household types and incomes (ilc_mdes01). EU countries by people unable to keep their home adequately warm, 2023. Dataset. Accessed October 12, 2026. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/ilc_mdes01/default/table. Also distributed by Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/unable-to-keep-home-warm/eu-countries?period=2023.

Harvard

Eurostat, European Commission (2026) Inability to keep home adequately warm, total population, all household types and incomes (ilc_mdes01), EU countries by people unable to keep their home adequately warm, 2023 [Dataset]. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/ilc_mdes01/default/table, via Invokely: https://invokely.ai/rankings/unable-to-keep-home-warm/eu-countries?period=2023 (Accessed: 12 October 2026).

BibTeX

@misc{eurostat_eu_countries_by_people_2023,
  author = {{Eurostat, European Commission}},
  title = {{Inability to keep home adequately warm, total population, all household types and incomes (ilc\_mdes01): EU countries by people unable to keep their home adequately warm, 2023}},
  year = {2026},
  howpublished = {Data set},
  url = {https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/ilc_mdes01/default/table},
  urldate = {2026-10-12},
  note = {Accessed via Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/unable-to-keep-home-warm/eu-countries?period=2023. Publisher attribution: Eurostat. Inability to keep home adequately warm, total population, all household types and incomes (ilc\_mdes01). https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/ilc\_mdes01/default/table. Retrieved 2026-10-12.},
}

RIS

TY  - DATA
AU  - Eurostat, European Commission
TI  - Inability to keep home adequately warm, total population, all household types and incomes (ilc_mdes01): EU countries by people unable to keep their home adequately warm, 2023
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/09/17
PB  - Eurostat, European Commission
DB  - Invokely
UR  - https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/ilc_mdes01/default/table
L2  - https://invokely.ai/rankings/unable-to-keep-home-warm/eu-countries?period=2023
Y2  - 2026/10/12
N1  - Accessed via Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/unable-to-keep-home-warm/eu-countries?period=2023.
N1  - Publisher attribution: Eurostat. Inability to keep home adequately warm, total population, all household types and incomes (ilc_mdes01). https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/ilc_mdes01/default/table. Retrieved 2026-10-12.
ER  -

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Rank EU countries by people unable to keep their home adequately warm using official data, and cite the source.

rank_places {"indicator":"unable_to_keep_home_warm_share","level":"country","within":"European Union (27)","limit":10}
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Questions

Which EU country has the highest people unable to keep their home adequately warm?

Portugal, with 20.8% in 2023, according to Eurostat, European Commission.

Which EU country has the lowest people unable to keep their home adequately warm?

Luxembourg, with 2.1% in 2023.

Where does this ranking come from?

Every value comes from one source and one period, so the places are comparable: Eurostat, European Commission, Inability to keep home adequately warm, total population, all household types and incomes (ilc_mdes01). Retrieved 2026-10-12.