US states by nonemployer business receipts: educational services

California had the highest nonemployer business receipts: educational services of 51 states in 2023, at $2.16 billion. North Dakota had the lowest, at $21.7 million. The median was $182.18 million and the figure for the United States was $16.37 billion. Source: the U.S. Census Bureau.

Highest2,163.8California

Lowest21.7North Dakota

Median182.251 states

United States16,371.2History

Map of states, 2023

Under 60
60 to 90
90 to 180
180 to 320
320 to 490
490 and over

USD million, 2023. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: receipts (RCPTOT), educational services (NAICS 61), all legal forms and receipts sizes. Boundaries: U.S. Census Bureau cartographic boundary files.

All states, 2023

USD million. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: receipts (RCPTOT), educational services (NAICS 61), all legal forms and receipts sizes. Retrieved 2026-10-12.

Full ranking

Rank	States	2023 USD million	Change on 2022
1	California	2,163.8	+8.2%
2	Texas	1,389.4	+4.8%
3	New York	1,373.6	+10.1%
4	Florida	1,355.5	+8%
5	New Jersey	643	+7.1%
6	Pennsylvania	568.2	+6.1%
7	Illinois	553.1	+7.3%
8	Georgia	516.4	+2.2%
9	Massachusetts	489.5	+4.1%
10	North Carolina	484.7	+5.2%
11	Virginia	472.6	+9.6%
12	Ohio	428.7	+7.8%
13	Michigan	424.3	+8.6%
14	Colorado	390.8	+8.9%
15	Washington	384.9	+9.5%
16	Maryland	374.4	+5.5%
17	Arizona	352.9	+5.7%
18	Tennessee	297.8	+11.4%
19	Connecticut	256.1	+4.4%
20	Minnesota	239.7	+10.2%
21	Indiana	218.3	+8.8%
22	South Carolina	206	+4.6%
23	Missouri	202.6	+6.3%
24	Oregon	199.2	+9.2%
25	Utah	194.7	+3.9%
26	Wisconsin	182.2	+9.8%
27	Louisiana	156.3	+4.4%
28	Alabama	154.6	+6.4%
29	Nevada	149.8	+4.6%
30	Kentucky	120.2	+5.3%
31	Oklahoma	114.3	+8.3%
32	Kansas	97.5	-1%
33	New Mexico	93.2	+11.9%
34	Mississippi	90.4	+14.6%
35	Idaho	89.1	+6.8%
36	Hawaii	86.6	+3.3%
37	New Hampshire	86.3	+4.6%
38	Iowa	84.3	+11.3%
39	Arkansas	83.3	+5.6%
40	Delaware	79.3	+21.4%
41	Maine	69.7	+6.5%
42	District of Columbia	66.5	-0.6%
43	Rhode Island	61.5	+16.4%
44	Nebraska	58.3	+14.6%
45	Montana	49.8	+11.2%
46	Vermont	47.3	-1%
47	Wyoming	45.2	+8.9%
48	West Virginia	38.8	+3.5%
49	Alaska	36.8	+10%
50	South Dakota	28.4	+7.8%
51	North Dakota	21.7	+12.3%

Other periods

About this ranking

Receipts of businesses without paid employees in educational services (NAICS 61), in millions of current US dollars, from the U.S. Census Bureau Nonemployer Statistics.

Nonemployer Statistics: businesses with no paid employees that are subject to federal income tax, mostly the self-employed, counted from tax records, with receipts above small minimum amounts. Census says some years are not comparable with earlier ones, and they are marked as series breaks: 2018 in every sector (businesses were reclassified from their descriptions, which moved many out of other services), 2022 in every sector (new receipts cutoffs) and 2017 in utilities (the same reclassification). Most nonemployers are sole proprietors whose business may be a side activity. Published about 18 months after the reference year. Receipts are published in thousands of dollars with noise added to protect individual businesses, and are not adjusted for inflation.

Every value in the ranking comes from the same publisher and the same period, so the states are compared on one definition. Equal values share a rank.

How to cite

U.S. Census Bureau. Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: receipts (RCPTOT), educational services (NAICS 61), all legal forms and receipts sizes. https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/nonemployer-statistics/datasets/2023/historical-datasets/. Retrieved 2026-10-12.

Citation styles

The publisher is the author. Invokely is named only as the place the figures were read, where a style asks for it.

APA 7

U.S. Census Bureau. (2025). Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: receipts (RCPTOT), educational services (NAICS 61), all legal forms and receipts sizes (US states by nonemployer business receipts: educational services, 2023) [Data set]. Retrieved October 12, 2026, from https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/nonemployer-statistics/datasets/2023/historical-datasets/

MLA 9

Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: receipts (RCPTOT), educational services (NAICS 61), all legal forms and receipts sizes, US states by nonemployer business receipts: educational services, 2023. U.S. Census Bureau, 15 May 2025, https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/nonemployer-statistics/datasets/2023/historical-datasets/. Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/nonemployer-receipts-educational-services/us-states?period=2023. Accessed 12 Oct. 2026.

Chicago (author-date)

U.S. Census Bureau. 2025. Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: receipts (RCPTOT), educational services (NAICS 61), all legal forms and receipts sizes. US states by nonemployer business receipts: educational services, 2023. Dataset. Accessed October 12, 2026. https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/nonemployer-statistics/datasets/2023/historical-datasets/. Also distributed by Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/nonemployer-receipts-educational-services/us-states?period=2023.

Harvard

U.S. Census Bureau (2025) Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: receipts (RCPTOT), educational services (NAICS 61), all legal forms and receipts sizes, US states by nonemployer business receipts: educational services, 2023 [Dataset]. Available at: https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/nonemployer-statistics/datasets/2023/historical-datasets/, via Invokely: https://invokely.ai/rankings/nonemployer-receipts-educational-services/us-states?period=2023 (Accessed: 12 October 2026).

BibTeX

@misc{census_us_states_by_nonemployer_2023,
  author = {{U.S. Census Bureau}},
  title = {{Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: receipts (RCPTOT), educational services (NAICS 61), all legal forms and receipts sizes: US states by nonemployer business receipts: educational services, 2023}},
  year = {2025},
  howpublished = {Data set},
  url = {https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/nonemployer-statistics/datasets/2023/historical-datasets/},
  urldate = {2026-10-12},
  note = {Accessed via Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/nonemployer-receipts-educational-services/us-states?period=2023. Publisher attribution: U.S. Census Bureau. Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: receipts (RCPTOT), educational services (NAICS 61), all legal forms and receipts sizes. https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/nonemployer-statistics/datasets/2023/historical-datasets/. Retrieved 2026-10-12.},
}

RIS

TY  - DATA
AU  - U.S. Census Bureau
TI  - Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: receipts (RCPTOT), educational services (NAICS 61), all legal forms and receipts sizes: US states by nonemployer business receipts: educational services, 2023
PY  - 2025
DA  - 2025/05/15
PB  - U.S. Census Bureau
DB  - Invokely
UR  - https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/nonemployer-statistics/datasets/2023/historical-datasets/
L2  - https://invokely.ai/rankings/nonemployer-receipts-educational-services/us-states?period=2023
Y2  - 2026/10/12
N1  - Accessed via Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/nonemployer-receipts-educational-services/us-states?period=2023.
N1  - Publisher attribution: U.S. Census Bureau. Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: receipts (RCPTOT), educational services (NAICS 61), all legal forms and receipts sizes. https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/nonemployer-statistics/datasets/2023/historical-datasets/. Retrieved 2026-10-12.
ER  -

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Questions

Which state has the highest nonemployer business receipts: educational services?

California, with $2.16 billion in 2023, according to the U.S. Census Bureau.

Which state has the lowest nonemployer business receipts: educational services?

North Dakota, with $21.7 million in 2023.

Where does this ranking come from?

Every value comes from one source and one period, so the places are comparable: U.S. Census Bureau, Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: receipts (RCPTOT), educational services (NAICS 61), all legal forms and receipts sizes. Retrieved 2026-10-12.