EU countries by household debt to income ratio

The Netherlands had the highest household debt to income ratio of 26 EU countries in 2023, at 183.2%. Romania had the lowest, at 21.2%. The median was 73.5%. Source: Eurostat, European Commission.

Highest183.2Netherlands

Lowest21.2Romania

Median73.526 EU countries

Map of EU countries, 2023

Under 40
40 to 66
66 to 80
80 to 100
100 and over
No data

%, 2023. Hatched areas have no value for this period. Source: Eurostat, Key indicators for sector accounts, gross debt-to-income ratio of households and NPISH (nasa_10_ki). Boundaries: Natural Earth (public domain).

All EU countries, 2023

%. Source: Eurostat, Key indicators for sector accounts, gross debt-to-income ratio of households and NPISH (nasa_10_ki). Retrieved 2026-10-18.

Full ranking

Rank	EU countries	2023 (%)	Change on 2022
1	Netherlands	183.2	-14 pts
2	Luxembourg	169	-13.5 pts
3	Denmark	167.9	-5.4 pts
4	Sweden	155.5	-9.5 pts
5	Finland	112.4	-6.2 pts
6	Cyprus	101.3	-11.4 pts
7	France Provisional	95.3	-6.4 pts
8	Belgium	94.9	-6 pts
9	Malta Provisional	89.8	-7.6 pts
10	Ireland	82.3	-11.3 pts
11	Portugal	80	-7.8 pts
12	Germany Provisional	77.8	-4.3 pts
13	Austria	73.5	-6.6 pts
14	Spain	73.5	-9.4 pts
15	Slovakia	69.2	-2.8 pts
16	Estonia	66	-1.8 pts
17	Greece Provisional	60.5	-6.2 pts
18	Italy	56.9	-3.8 pts
19	Czechia	51.5	-2.2 pts
20	Croatia	48.2	-1.3 pts
21	Slovenia	39.5	-1.9 pts
22	Poland	39	-5.6 pts
23	Lithuania	35.5	-1 pts
24	Latvia	30.9	-0.1 pts
25	Hungary	27.2	-3.8 pts
26	Romania	21.2	-2.8 pts

Other periods

About this ranking

Outstanding loans of households at the end of the year as a percentage of their gross disposable income adjusted for the change in pension entitlements.

Counts loans only (mortgages and consumer and other loans), not other liabilities. Not comparable with national credit market debt ratios such as Canada's, which use other definitions. From the annual sector accounts (ESA 2010). Households include non-profit institutions serving households. The latest years are often provisional and are revised with later transmissions.

Every value in the ranking comes from the same publisher and the same period, so the EU countries are compared on one definition. 1 EU countries with data in other periods have no value for 2023 and are left out rather than filled from another source. Equal values share a rank.

How to cite

Eurostat. Key indicators for sector accounts, gross debt-to-income ratio of households and NPISH (nasa_10_ki). https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nasa_10_ki/default/table. Retrieved 2026-10-18.

Citation styles

The publisher is the author. Invokely is named only as the place the figures were read, where a style asks for it.

APA 7

Eurostat, European Commission. (2026). Key indicators for sector accounts, gross debt-to-income ratio of households and NPISH (nasa_10_ki) (EU countries by household debt to income ratio, 2023) [Data set]. Retrieved October 18, 2026, from https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nasa_10_ki/default/table

MLA 9

Key indicators for sector accounts, gross debt-to-income ratio of households and NPISH (nasa_10_ki), EU countries by household debt to income ratio, 2023. Eurostat, European Commission, 14 Oct. 2026, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nasa_10_ki/default/table. Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/household-debt-to-income-ratio/eu-countries?period=2023. Accessed 18 Oct. 2026.

Chicago (author-date)

Eurostat, European Commission. 2026. Key indicators for sector accounts, gross debt-to-income ratio of households and NPISH (nasa_10_ki). EU countries by household debt to income ratio, 2023. Dataset. Accessed October 18, 2026. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nasa_10_ki/default/table. Also distributed by Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/household-debt-to-income-ratio/eu-countries?period=2023.

Harvard

Eurostat, European Commission (2026) Key indicators for sector accounts, gross debt-to-income ratio of households and NPISH (nasa_10_ki), EU countries by household debt to income ratio, 2023 [Dataset]. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nasa_10_ki/default/table, via Invokely: https://invokely.ai/rankings/household-debt-to-income-ratio/eu-countries?period=2023 (Accessed: 18 October 2026).

BibTeX

@misc{eurostat_eu_countries_by_household_2023,
  author = {{Eurostat, European Commission}},
  title = {{Key indicators for sector accounts, gross debt-to-income ratio of households and NPISH (nasa\_10\_ki): EU countries by household debt to income ratio, 2023}},
  year = {2026},
  howpublished = {Data set},
  url = {https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nasa_10_ki/default/table},
  urldate = {2026-10-18},
  note = {Accessed via Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/household-debt-to-income-ratio/eu-countries?period=2023. Publisher attribution: Eurostat. Key indicators for sector accounts, gross debt-to-income ratio of households and NPISH (nasa\_10\_ki). https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nasa\_10\_ki/default/table. Retrieved 2026-10-18.},
}

RIS

TY  - DATA
AU  - Eurostat, European Commission
TI  - Key indicators for sector accounts, gross debt-to-income ratio of households and NPISH (nasa_10_ki): EU countries by household debt to income ratio, 2023
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/14
PB  - Eurostat, European Commission
DB  - Invokely
UR  - https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nasa_10_ki/default/table
L2  - https://invokely.ai/rankings/household-debt-to-income-ratio/eu-countries?period=2023
Y2  - 2026/10/18
N1  - Accessed via Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/household-debt-to-income-ratio/eu-countries?period=2023.
N1  - Publisher attribution: Eurostat. Key indicators for sector accounts, gross debt-to-income ratio of households and NPISH (nasa_10_ki). https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nasa_10_ki/default/table. Retrieved 2026-10-18.
ER  -

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Rank EU countries by household debt to income ratio using official data, and cite the source.

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Questions

Which EU country has the highest household debt to income ratio?

The Netherlands, with 183.2% in 2023, according to Eurostat, European Commission.

Which EU country has the lowest household debt to income ratio?

Romania, with 21.2% in 2023.

Where does this ranking come from?

Every value comes from one source and one period, so the places are comparable: Eurostat, European Commission, Key indicators for sector accounts, gross debt-to-income ratio of households and NPISH (nasa_10_ki). Retrieved 2026-10-18. 1 EU countries have no value for 2023 and are not ranked.