Data / Rankings / Nonemployer businesses: construction / US states

US states by nonemployer businesses: construction

Texas had the highest nonemployer businesses: construction of 51 states in 2023, at 378,631. District of Columbia had the lowest, at 2,111. The median was 40,583 and the figure for the United States was 2.92 million. Source: the U.S. Census Bureau.

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Highest378,631Texas
Lowest2,111District of Columbia
Median40,58351 states
United States2,917,631History

Map of states, 2023

Alabama: 44,568 countAlaska: 4,586 countArizona: 52,599 countArkansas: 32,834 countCalifornia: 238,085 countColorado: 63,074 countConnecticut: 32,202 countDelaware: 7,242 countDistrict of Columbia: 2,111 countFlorida: 301,306 countGeorgia: 123,480 countHawaii: 9,069 countIdaho: 18,494 countIllinois: 94,739 countIndiana: 52,211 countIowa: 27,038 countKansas: 22,151 countKentucky: 43,576 countLouisiana: 42,998 countMaine: 18,505 countMaryland: 51,031 countMassachusetts: 60,272 countMichigan: 84,910 countMinnesota: 41,711 countMississippi: 31,367 countMissouri: 55,524 countMontana: 15,139 countNebraska: 16,657 countNevada: 15,744 countNew Hampshire: 15,930 countNew Jersey: 64,290 countNew Mexico: 12,806 countNew York: 141,896 countNorth Carolina: 102,553 countNorth Dakota: 5,602 countOhio: 97,841 countOklahoma: 40,583 countOregon: 23,586 countPennsylvania: 97,921 countRhode Island: 8,717 countSouth Carolina: 46,432 countSouth Dakota: 8,017 countTennessee: 74,208 countTexas: 378,631 countUtah: 23,801 countVermont: 8,989 countVirginia: 68,709 countWashington: 37,649 countWest Virginia: 9,445 countWisconsin: 41,303 countWyoming: 5,499 count
  • Under 9,000
  • 9,000 to 21K
  • 21K to 41K
  • 41K to 52K
  • 52K to 91K
  • 91K and over
count, 2023. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: establishments (ESTAB), construction (NAICS 23), all legal forms. Boundaries: U.S. Census Bureau cartographic boundary files.

All states, 2023

Texas: 378,631 countTexas378,631Florida: 301,306 countFlorida301,306California: 238,085 countCalifornia238,085New York: 141,896 countNew York141,896Georgia: 123,480 countGeorgia123,480North Carolina: 102,553 countNorth Carolina102,553Pennsylvania: 97,921 countPennsylvania97,921Ohio: 97,841 countOhio97,841Illinois: 94,739 countIllinois94,739Michigan: 84,910 countMichigan84,910Tennessee: 74,208 countTennessee74,208Virginia: 68,709 countVirginia68,709New Jersey: 64,290 countNew Jersey64,290Colorado: 63,074 countColorado63,074Massachusetts: 60,272 countMassachusetts60,272Missouri: 55,524 countMissouri55,524Arizona: 52,599 countArizona52,599Indiana: 52,211 countIndiana52,211Maryland: 51,031 countMaryland51,031South Carolina: 46,432 countSouth Carolina46,432Alabama: 44,568 countAlabama44,568Kentucky: 43,576 countKentucky43,576Louisiana: 42,998 countLouisiana42,998Minnesota: 41,711 countMinnesota41,711Wisconsin: 41,303 countWisconsin41,303Oklahoma: 40,583 countOklahoma40,583Washington: 37,649 countWashington37,649Arkansas: 32,834 countArkansas32,834Connecticut: 32,202 countConnecticut32,202Mississippi: 31,367 countMississippi31,367Iowa: 27,038 countIowa27,038Utah: 23,801 countUtah23,801Oregon: 23,586 countOregon23,586Kansas: 22,151 countKansas22,151Maine: 18,505 countMaine18,505Idaho: 18,494 countIdaho18,494Nebraska: 16,657 countNebraska16,657New Hampshire: 15,930 countNew Hampshire15,930Nevada: 15,744 countNevada15,744Montana: 15,139 countMontana15,139New Mexico: 12,806 countNew Mexico12,806West Virginia: 9,445 countWest Virginia9,445Hawaii: 9,069 countHawaii9,069Vermont: 8,989 countVermont8,989Rhode Island: 8,717 countRhode Island8,717South Dakota: 8,017 countSouth Dakota8,017Delaware: 7,242 countDelaware7,242North Dakota: 5,602 countNorth Dakota5,602Wyoming: 5,499 countWyoming5,499Alaska: 4,586 countAlaska4,586District of Columbia: 2,111 countDistrict of Columbia2,111Texas: 378,631 countTexas378,631Florida: 301,306 countFlorida301,306California: 238,085 countCalifornia238,085New York: 141,896 countNew York141,896Georgia: 123,480 countGeorgia123,480North Carolina: 102,553 countNorth Carolina102,553Pennsylvania: 97,921 countPennsylvania97,921Ohio: 97,841 countOhio97,841Illinois: 94,739 countIllinois94,739Michigan: 84,910 countMichigan84,910Tennessee: 74,208 countTennessee74,208Virginia: 68,709 countVirginia68,709New Jersey: 64,290 countNew Jersey64,290Colorado: 63,074 countColorado63,074Massachusetts: 60,272 countMassachusetts60,272Missouri: 55,524 countMissouri55,524Arizona: 52,599 countArizona52,599Indiana: 52,211 countIndiana52,211Maryland: 51,031 countMaryland51,031South Carolina: 46,432 countSouth Carolina46,432Alabama: 44,568 countAlabama44,568Kentucky: 43,576 countKentucky43,576Louisiana: 42,998 countLouisiana42,998Minnesota: 41,711 countMinnesota41,711Wisconsin: 41,303 countWisconsin41,303Oklahoma: 40,583 countOklahoma40,583Washington: 37,649 countWashington37,649Arkansas: 32,834 countArkansas32,834Connecticut: 32,202 countConnecticut32,202Mississippi: 31,367 countMississippi31,367Iowa: 27,038 countIowa27,038Utah: 23,801 countUtah23,801Oregon: 23,586 countOregon23,586Kansas: 22,151 countKansas22,151Maine: 18,505 countMaine18,505Idaho: 18,494 countIdaho18,494Nebraska: 16,657 countNebraska16,657New Hampshire: 15,930 countNew Hampshire15,930Nevada: 15,744 countNevada15,744Montana: 15,139 countMontana15,139New Mexico: 12,806 countNew Mexico12,806West Virginia: 9,445 countWest Virginia9,445Hawaii: 9,069 countHawaii9,069Vermont: 8,989 countVermont8,989Rhode Island: 8,717 countRhode Island8,717South Dakota: 8,017 countSouth Dakota8,017Delaware: 7,242 countDelaware7,242North Dakota: 5,602 countNorth Dakota5,602Wyoming: 5,499 countWyoming5,499Alaska: 4,586 countAlaska4,586District of Columbia: 2,111 countDistrict of Columbia2,111
count. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: establishments (ESTAB), construction (NAICS 23), all legal forms. Retrieved 2026-10-12.

Full ranking

RankStates2023
count		Change on 2022
1Texas378,631+0.6%
2Florida301,306+8.7%
3California238,085-0.1%
4New York141,896+3%
5Georgia123,480-0.4%
6North Carolina102,553-0.6%
7Pennsylvania97,921+0.7%
8Ohio97,841+0.7%
9Illinois94,739+1.3%
10Michigan84,910-0.3%
11Tennessee74,208+1.1%
12Virginia68,709+1.4%
13New Jersey64,290+2%
14Colorado63,074+4.4%
15Massachusetts60,272+2.1%
16Missouri55,524-0.3%
17Arizona52,599+0.4%
18Indiana52,211+0.7%
19Maryland51,031+2.7%
20South Carolina46,432+1.4%
21Alabama44,568-1.5%
22Kentucky43,576+0.9%
23Louisiana42,998-7.1%
24Minnesota41,711+2%
25Wisconsin41,303+0.3%
26Oklahoma40,583-0.4%
27Washington37,649+3.7%
28Arkansas32,834+0.1%
29Connecticut32,202+1.7%
30Mississippi31,367-0.2%
31Iowa27,038-1.1%
32Utah23,801+4.4%
33Oregon23,586+2.2%
34Kansas22,151-0.4%
35Maine18,505-0.1%
36Idaho18,494+2.1%
37Nebraska16,657-0.2%
38New Hampshire15,930+0.6%
39Nevada15,744-1.5%
40Montana15,139+2.3%
41New Mexico12,806+0.2%
42West Virginia9,445+0.2%
43Hawaii9,069+0.6%
44Vermont8,989+1.4%
45Rhode Island8,717+1.9%
46South Dakota8,017+1.2%
47Delaware7,242+1.4%
48North Dakota5,602+0.8%
49Wyoming5,499-1.4%
50Alaska4,586+2%
51District of Columbia2,111-2.1%

Other periods

About this ranking

Number of businesses without paid employees in construction (NAICS 23), from the U.S. Census Bureau Nonemployer Statistics.

Nonemployer Statistics: businesses with no paid employees that are subject to federal income tax, mostly the self-employed, counted from tax records, with receipts above small minimum amounts. Census says some years are not comparable with earlier ones, and they are marked as series breaks: 2018 in every sector (businesses were reclassified from their descriptions, which moved many out of other services), 2022 in every sector (new receipts cutoffs) and 2017 in utilities (the same reclassification). Most nonemployers are sole proprietors whose business may be a side activity. Published about 18 months after the reference year.

Every value in the ranking comes from the same publisher and the same period, so the states are compared on one definition. Equal values share a rank.

How to cite

U.S. Census Bureau. Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: establishments (ESTAB), construction (NAICS 23), all legal forms. https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/nonemployer-statistics/datasets/2023/historical-datasets/. Retrieved 2026-10-12.

Citation styles

The publisher is the author. Invokely is named only as the place the figures were read, where a style asks for it.

APA 7

U.S. Census Bureau. (2025). Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: establishments (ESTAB), construction (NAICS 23), all legal forms (US states by nonemployer businesses: construction, 2023) [Data set]. Retrieved October 12, 2026, from https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/nonemployer-statistics/datasets/2023/historical-datasets/

MLA 9

Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: establishments (ESTAB), construction (NAICS 23), all legal forms, US states by nonemployer businesses: construction, 2023. U.S. Census Bureau, 15 May 2025, https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/nonemployer-statistics/datasets/2023/historical-datasets/. Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/nonemployer-businesses-construction/us-states?period=2023. Accessed 12 Oct. 2026.

Chicago (author-date)

U.S. Census Bureau. 2025. Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: establishments (ESTAB), construction (NAICS 23), all legal forms. US states by nonemployer businesses: construction, 2023. Dataset. Accessed October 12, 2026. https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/nonemployer-statistics/datasets/2023/historical-datasets/. Also distributed by Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/nonemployer-businesses-construction/us-states?period=2023.

Harvard

U.S. Census Bureau (2025) Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: establishments (ESTAB), construction (NAICS 23), all legal forms, US states by nonemployer businesses: construction, 2023 [Dataset]. Available at: https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/nonemployer-statistics/datasets/2023/historical-datasets/, via Invokely: https://invokely.ai/rankings/nonemployer-businesses-construction/us-states?period=2023 (Accessed: 12 October 2026).

BibTeX
@misc{census_us_states_by_nonemployer_2023,
  author = {{U.S. Census Bureau}},
  title = {{Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: establishments (ESTAB), construction (NAICS 23), all legal forms: US states by nonemployer businesses: construction, 2023}},
  year = {2025},
  howpublished = {Data set},
  url = {https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/nonemployer-statistics/datasets/2023/historical-datasets/},
  urldate = {2026-10-12},
  note = {Accessed via Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/nonemployer-businesses-construction/us-states?period=2023. Publisher attribution: U.S. Census Bureau. Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: establishments (ESTAB), construction (NAICS 23), all legal forms. https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/nonemployer-statistics/datasets/2023/historical-datasets/. Retrieved 2026-10-12.},
}
RIS
TY  - DATA
AU  - U.S. Census Bureau
TI  - Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: establishments (ESTAB), construction (NAICS 23), all legal forms: US states by nonemployer businesses: construction, 2023
PY  - 2025
DA  - 2025/05/15
PB  - U.S. Census Bureau
DB  - Invokely
UR  - https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/nonemployer-statistics/datasets/2023/historical-datasets/
L2  - https://invokely.ai/rankings/nonemployer-businesses-construction/us-states?period=2023
Y2  - 2026/10/12
N1  - Accessed via Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/nonemployer-businesses-construction/us-states?period=2023.
N1  - Publisher attribution: U.S. Census Bureau. Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: establishments (ESTAB), construction (NAICS 23), all legal forms. https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/nonemployer-statistics/datasets/2023/historical-datasets/. Retrieved 2026-10-12.
ER  -
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Questions

Which state has the highest nonemployer businesses: construction?

Texas, with 378,631 in 2023, according to the U.S. Census Bureau.

Which state has the lowest nonemployer businesses: construction?

District of Columbia, with 2,111 in 2023.

Where does this ranking come from?

Every value comes from one source and one period, so the places are comparable: U.S. Census Bureau, Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: establishments (ESTAB), construction (NAICS 23), all legal forms. Retrieved 2026-10-12.

US states: more rankings