Data / Rankings / Natural change rate / EU countries

EU countries by natural change rate, 2025

Ireland had the highest natural change rate of 27 EU countries in 2025, at 3.4 per 1,000 inhabitants. Latvia had the lowest, at -7.7 per 1,000 inhabitants. The median was -2.5 per 1,000 inhabitants and the figure for the European Union (27) was -3 per 1,000 inhabitants. Source: Eurostat, European Commission.

Highest3.4Ireland
Lowest-7.7Latvia
Median-2.527 EU countries
European Union (27)-3History

All EU countries, 2025

Ireland: 3.4 per 1,000 inhabitantsIreland3.4Luxembourg: 3 per 1,000 inhabitantsLuxembourg3Cyprus: 2.5 per 1,000 inhabitantsCyprus2.5Sweden: 0.5 per 1,000 inhabitantsSweden0.5Denmark: 0.2 per 1,000 inhabitantsDenmark0.2Malta: 0.2 per 1,000 inhabitantsMalta0.2France: -0.1 per 1,000 inhabitantsFrance-0.1Belgium: -0.3 per 1,000 inhabitantsBelgium-0.3Netherlands: -0.5 per 1,000 inhabitantsNetherlands-0.5Austria: -1.3 per 1,000 inhabitantsAustria-1.3Slovenia: -2 per 1,000 inhabitantsSlovenia-2Slovakia: -2.1 per 1,000 inhabitantsSlovakia-2.1Finland: -2.4 per 1,000 inhabitantsFinland-2.4Spain: -2.5 per 1,000 inhabitantsSpain-2.5Portugal: -3 per 1,000 inhabitantsPortugal-3Czechia: -3.3 per 1,000 inhabitantsCzechia-3.3Germany: -4.2 per 1,000 inhabitantsGermany-4.2Croatia: -4.5 per 1,000 inhabitantsCroatia-4.5Poland: -4.6 per 1,000 inhabitantsPoland-4.6Estonia: -4.7 per 1,000 inhabitantsEstonia-4.7Italy: -5 per 1,000 inhabitantsItaly-5Greece: -5.3 per 1,000 inhabitantsGreece-5.3Hungary: -5.4 per 1,000 inhabitantsHungary-5.4Romania: -5.5 per 1,000 inhabitantsRomania-5.5Lithuania: -6.9 per 1,000 inhabitantsLithuania-6.9Bulgaria: -7.7 per 1,000 inhabitantsBulgaria-7.7Latvia: -7.7 per 1,000 inhabitantsLatvia-7.7
per 1,000 inhabitants. Source: Eurostat, Population change, crude rate of natural change of population (demo_gind). Retrieved 2026-10-12.

Full ranking

RankEU countries2025
per 1,000 inhabitants		Change on 2024
1Ireland3.40 pts
2Luxembourg3+0.1 pts
3Cyprus Provisional2.5-0.6 pts
4Sweden0.5-0.2 pts
5Denmark0.2+0.2 pts
5Malta0.2-0.1 pts
7France Provisional-0.1-0.4 pts
8Belgium Provisional-0.3-0.1 pts
9Netherlands Provisional-0.5-0.2 pts
10Austria-1.3-0.1 pts
11Slovenia-2+0.2 pts
12Slovakia-2.1-0.7 pts
13Finland-2.4+0.2 pts
14Spain Provisional-2.5-0.1 pts
15Portugal-30 pts
16Czechia-3.3-0.7 pts
17Germany-4.2-0.2 pts
18Croatia-4.5+0.4 pts
19Poland-4.6-0.3 pts
20Estonia-4.7-0.3 pts
21Italy Provisional-5-0.2 pts
22Greece Estimated-5.3+0.2 pts
23Hungary-5.4-0.3 pts
24Romania Estimated-5.5-0.2 pts
25Lithuania-6.9-0.5 pts
26Bulgaria-7.7-0.4 pts
26Latvia-7.7-0.3 pts

Other periods

About this ranking

Live births minus deaths during the year per 1,000 average residents (Eurostat crude rate of natural change).

Every value in the ranking comes from the same publisher and the same period, so the EU countries are compared on one definition. Equal values share a rank.

How to cite

Eurostat. Population change, crude rate of natural change of population (demo_gind). https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/demo_gind/default/table. Retrieved 2026-10-12.

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Questions

Which EU country has the highest natural change rate?

Ireland, with 3.4 per 1,000 inhabitants in 2025, according to Eurostat, European Commission.

Which EU country has the lowest natural change rate?

Latvia, with -7.7 per 1,000 inhabitants in 2025.

Where does this ranking come from?

Every value comes from one source and one period, so the places are comparable: Eurostat, European Commission, Population change, crude rate of natural change of population (demo_gind). Retrieved 2026-10-12.

Natural change rate: other rankings

EU countries: more rankings