Data / Rankings / Labor force participation rate (US five-year survey estimate) / US cities

US cities by labor force participation rate (US five-year survey estimate)

Jackson, WY had the highest labor force participation rate (US five-year survey estimate) of 3214 cities in 2023, at 87.6%. Gatesville, TX had the lowest, at 22.5%. The median was 64.8% and the figure for the United States was 63.5%. Source: the U.S. Census Bureau.

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Highest87.6Jackson, WY
Lowest22.5Gatesville, TX
Median64.83214 cities
United States63.5History

Top 40 cities, 2023

Jackson, WY: 87.6 %Jackson, WY87.6Harrisburg, SD: 86.5 %Harrisburg, SD86.5Northlake, TX: 85 %Northlake, TX85Whitestown, IN: 83.3 %Whitestown, IN83.3Vineyard, UT: 83 %Vineyard, UT83Hoboken, NJ: 82 %Hoboken, NJ82Addison, TX: 81.3 %Addison, TX81.3Big Lake, MN: 81.1 %Big Lake, MN81.1West Fargo, ND: 80.7 %West Fargo, ND80.7Ferndale, MI: 80.5 %Ferndale, MI80.5North Liberty, IA: 79.7 %North Liberty, IA79.7Johnstown, CO: 79.4 %Johnstown, CO79.4Snoqualmie, WA: 79.3 %Snoqualmie, WA79.3Somerville, MA: 79.3 %Somerville, MA79.3Rifle, CO: 79.3 %Rifle, CO79.3Box Elder, SD: 79.2 %Box Elder, SD79.2Woods Cross, UT: 79.1 %Woods Cross, UT79.1Broussard, LA: 78.9 %Broussard, LA78.9Farmington, MN: 78.7 %Farmington, MN78.7Emeryville, CA: 78.6 %Emeryville, CA78.6Manor, TX: 78.6 %Manor, TX78.6Port Wentworth, GA: 78.3 %Port Wentworth, GA78.3St. Michael, MN: 78.3 %St. Michael, MN78.3Waukee, IA: 78.3 %Waukee, IA78.3Alexandria, VA: 78.2 %Alexandria, VA78.2Manhattan, IL: 78.2 %Manhattan, IL78.2Gardner, KS: 78.1 %Gardner, KS78.1McCordsville, IN: 78.1 %McCordsville, IN78.1Glenwood Springs, CO: 78 %Glenwood Springs, CO78Smyrna, GA: 78 %Smyrna, GA78Lavon, TX: 77.9 %Lavon, TX77.9Hutto, TX: 77.8 %Hutto, TX77.8Patchogue, NY: 77.8 %Patchogue, NY77.8Belgrade, MT: 77.7 %Belgrade, MT77.7Bluffdale, UT: 77.7 %Bluffdale, UT77.7Jacksonville, NC: 77.7 %Jacksonville, NC77.7Herndon, VA: 77.6 %Herndon, VA77.6Phoenixville, PA: 77.6 %Phoenixville, PA77.6Plano, IL: 77.5 %Plano, IL77.5Severance, CO: 77.4 %Severance, CO77.4Jackson, WY: 87.6 %Jackson, WY87.6Harrisburg, SD: 86.5 %Harrisburg, SD86.5Northlake, TX: 85 %Northlake, TX85Whitestown, IN: 83.3 %Whitestown, IN83.3Vineyard, UT: 83 %Vineyard, UT83Hoboken, NJ: 82 %Hoboken, NJ82Addison, TX: 81.3 %Addison, TX81.3Big Lake, MN: 81.1 %Big Lake, MN81.1West Fargo, ND: 80.7 %West Fargo, ND80.7Ferndale, MI: 80.5 %Ferndale, MI80.5North Liberty, IA: 79.7 %North Liberty, IA79.7Johnstown, CO: 79.4 %Johnstown, CO79.4Snoqualmie, WA: 79.3 %Snoqualmie, WA79.3Somerville, MA: 79.3 %Somerville, MA79.3Rifle, CO: 79.3 %Rifle, CO79.3Box Elder, SD: 79.2 %Box Elder, SD79.2Woods Cross, UT: 79.1 %Woods Cross, UT79.1Broussard, LA: 78.9 %Broussard, LA78.9Farmington, MN: 78.7 %Farmington, MN78.7Emeryville, CA: 78.6 %Emeryville, CA78.6Manor, TX: 78.6 %Manor, TX78.6Port Wentworth, GA: 78.3 %Port Wentworth, GA78.3St. Michael, MN: 78.3 %St. Michael, MN78.3Waukee, IA: 78.3 %Waukee, IA78.3Alexandria, VA: 78.2 %Alexandria, VA78.2Manhattan, IL: 78.2 %Manhattan, IL78.2Gardner, KS: 78.1 %Gardner, KS78.1McCordsville, IN: 78.1 %McCordsville, IN78.1Glenwood Springs, CO: 78 %Glenwood Springs, CO78Smyrna, GA: 78 %Smyrna, GA78Lavon, TX: 77.9 %Lavon, TX77.9Hutto, TX: 77.8 %Hutto, TX77.8Patchogue, NY: 77.8 %Patchogue, NY77.8Belgrade, MT: 77.7 %Belgrade, MT77.7Bluffdale, UT: 77.7 %Bluffdale, UT77.7Jacksonville, NC: 77.7 %Jacksonville, NC77.7Herndon, VA: 77.6 %Herndon, VA77.6Phoenixville, PA: 77.6 %Phoenixville, PA77.6Plano, IL: 77.5 %Plano, IL77.5Severance, CO: 77.4 %Severance, CO77.4
%. Source: Invokely calculation with data from U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 2026-10-12.

Full ranking

RankCities2023 (%)Change on 2022
1Jackson, WY87.6-1.2 pts
2Harrisburg, SD86.5-2 pts
3Northlake, TX85+1.5 pts
4Whitestown, IN83.3-0 pts
5Vineyard, UT83+0.5 pts
6Hoboken, NJ82+2 pts
7Addison, TX81.3+0.4 pts
8Big Lake, MN81.1-0.7 pts
9West Fargo, ND80.7+0.6 pts
10Ferndale, MI80.5-0.3 pts
11North Liberty, IA79.7+1.1 pts
12Johnstown, CO79.4+2.8 pts
13Snoqualmie, WA79.3-1.9 pts
14Somerville, MA79.3+0.2 pts
15Rifle, CO79.3+1.3 pts
16Box Elder, SD79.2+1.7 pts
17Woods Cross, UT79.1+1.1 pts
18Broussard, LA78.9+2.9 pts
19Farmington, MN78.7-0.6 pts
20Emeryville, CA78.6+1.3 pts
21Manor, TX78.6+2.6 pts
22Port Wentworth, GA78.3-1.1 pts
23St. Michael, MN78.3-0.1 pts
24Waukee, IA78.3-1.2 pts
25Alexandria, VA78.2+0.2 pts
26Manhattan, IL78.2+4.4 pts
27Gardner, KS78.1-0.8 pts
28McCordsville, IN78.1+3.6 pts
29Glenwood Springs, CO78+2.9 pts
29Smyrna, GA78-0.3 pts
31Lavon, TX77.9-3.5 pts
32Hutto, TX77.8+0.5 pts
33Patchogue, NY77.8-0.1 pts
34Belgrade, MT77.7+0.1 pts
35Bluffdale, UT77.7+0.5 pts
35Jacksonville, NC77.7+0.8 pts
37Herndon, VA77.6-1.5 pts
38Phoenixville, PA77.6-0.3 pts
39Plano, IL77.5-2.5 pts
40Severance, CO77.4-0.4 pts
41Wixom, MI77.4-1.1 pts
42Hyattsville, MD77.4+1.1 pts
43West Hollywood, CA77.3-0.7 pts
44The Colony, TX77.1-1.8 pts
45Frederick, CO77-2 pts
46La Vista, NE77+0.8 pts
47Havelock, NC77+1.9 pts
48Euless, TX76.9+0.9 pts
48Midvale, UT76.9+1.6 pts
50West Point, UT76.9+1 pts
51Knightdale, NC76.8-0.2 pts
52Laurel, MD76.8-0 pts
53Leesburg, VA76.7-0.1 pts
54Roanoke, TX76.7+1.8 pts
55Brookhaven, GA76.7-0.8 pts
56Parker, CO76.6+0.2 pts
57Harrison, OH76.6-1.2 pts
57Manassas Park, VA76.6-0.1 pts
57Shakopee, MN76.6+1.9 pts
60Mission, KS76.6+0.8 pts
61Grain Valley, MO76.5+0.3 pts
62Brandon, SD76.5-2.8 pts
62Syracuse, UT76.5+2 pts
64Chamblee, GA76.4+0.3 pts
65Calera, AL76.4+1 pts
66Ankeny, IA76.4+0.2 pts
66Grimes, IA76.4+0.5 pts
66Leander, TX76.4+0.1 pts
69Savage, MN76.4-0.2 pts
70Erie, CO76.3-0.1 pts
70Roselle Park, NJ76.3+0.3 pts
72Selma, TX76.3+0.8 pts
73Berkley, MI76.2+0.1 pts
74Sanger, TX76.1+1.5 pts
75North Chicago, IL76.1+0.1 pts
75South Salt Lake, UT76.1+2.7 pts
77West Jordan, UT76.1-0 pts
78Williston, ND76-0.8 pts
79Indian Trail, NC76-0 pts
80Pflugerville, TX76+0.1 pts
81Monticello, MN75.9+2.7 pts
82Grapevine, TX75.9-1 pts
83Herriman, UT75.8-0.1 pts
84Eagle Mountain, UT75.8-0.2 pts
85Fife, WA75.8+1.3 pts
85Morristown, NJ75.8+0.8 pts
87St. Louis Park, MN75.80 pts
88Lindenhurst, IL75.80 pts
89Farmers Branch, TX75.8-1.3 pts
90West Haven, UT75.7-0.1 pts
91Lewisville, TX75.7-0.3 pts
92Harrison, WI75.5+2 pts
93Heber, UT75.5+0.7 pts
94Hilliard, OH75.5+1.1 pts
95Pickerington, OH75.5+0.7 pts
96Hugo, MN75.5+0.6 pts
96Maitland, FL75.5+0.2 pts
98Zachary, LA75.4+0.7 pts
99Yorkville, IL75.4+1.8 pts
100Princeton, TX75.4+2.3 pts
101Lakeville, MN75.3+0.3 pts
101Morrisville, NC75.3+0.7 pts
103Iowa Colony, TX75.3+2.6 pts
104Chaska, MN75.3+0.2 pts
104Hopatcong, NJ75.3+1.1 pts
106Lehi, UT75.3+0.9 pts
107Forney, TX75.3+0.2 pts
108Fairburn, GA75.2+0.1 pts
109Grandview, WA75.2+0.8 pts
110Victoria, MN75.2+1.4 pts
111Avon, IN75.2-0 pts
112Round Lake, IL75.1+0.6 pts
113Robbinsdale, MN75.1+1.5 pts
114Ridgefield Park, NJ75.1+1.2 pts
115Dayton, MN75-1 pts
116Centerton, AR75-1.9 pts
117Lockport, IL75+2 pts
117Molalla, OR75+1.4 pts
117Oakland Park, FL75-0.7 pts
120Austin, TX75+0.1 pts
121Fargo, ND750 pts
121Waconia, MN75+1.8 pts
123Monroe, OH74.9+2.6 pts
124Fate, TX74.9-0 pts
125Englewood, CO74.9+0.4 pts
126Royal Oak, MI74.9-0.6 pts
127Woodstock, GA74.9-0.4 pts
128Grayslake, IL74.8+1.5 pts
129Minooka, IL74.8-2.3 pts
130North Plainfield, NJ74.8+1.8 pts
131Aliso Viejo, CA74.7-0.6 pts
132Wendell, NC74.7+2.3 pts
133Firestone, CO74.7+0.5 pts
134North Lauderdale, FL74.7+0.5 pts
135Lafayette, CO74.6-1 pts
136Hailey, ID74.6-1.9 pts
136Lakewood, OH74.6-0.1 pts
138Bentonville, AR74.6+1.8 pts
139Superior, CO74.6+0.7 pts
140Bound Brook, NJ74.60 pts
141Richmond Hill, GA74.5-0.2 pts
142Little Elm, TX74.5-0.6 pts
142Otsego, MN74.5-1.2 pts
144Castle Rock, CO74.5+1 pts
145Flowery Branch, GA74.5-0.2 pts
146Sioux Falls, SD74.4+0.2 pts
147Lake in the Hills, IL74.4-0.7 pts
148Cary, IL74.3-1 pts
149Denver, CO74.3+0.3 pts
150Wellington, CO74.3+2.5 pts
151El Segundo, CA74.3-1.9 pts
152Lyndon, KY74.2+2.9 pts
153Westwood, NJ74.2-1.5 pts
154Lake Zurich, IL74.2-0 pts
155Thornton, CO74.2-0.1 pts
156Carrollton, TX74.1+0.1 pts
157Sussex, WI74.1-0.9 pts
158Kyle, TX74.1+0.7 pts
158Norwalk, IA74.1-0.5 pts
160Rogers, MN74.1+1.3 pts
160Sandy Springs, GA74.1+1.2 pts
162Seattle, WA74.1+0.2 pts
163Carpentersville, IL74.1-1 pts
164Mandan, ND74+1 pts
165Sauk Rapids, MN74+0.5 pts
166Commerce City, CO74+0.5 pts
167Huntersville, NC74+1.1 pts
168Edgewater, NJ73.9+0.8 pts
169Mineola, NY73.9-0.6 pts
170North Salt Lake, UT73.9+0.1 pts
171Apex, NC73.9+0.2 pts
171Lawrence, IN73.9+0.6 pts
173Verona, WI73.9-0.5 pts
174West Des Moines, IA73.9-0.3 pts
175Kearns, UT73.8-0 pts
176Fishers, IN73.8+0.8 pts
176Red Bank, TN73.8+2.1 pts
178Westfield, IN73.8+0.9 pts
179Warrenville, IL73.8-0.7 pts
180Rosemount, MN73.7-0.9 pts
181Asbury Park, NJ73.7+1.6 pts
181Independence, KY73.7-1.1 pts
181Pompton Lakes, NJ73.7-0.1 pts
181Woodridge, IL73.7+0.6 pts
185Somerville, NJ73.7+0.1 pts
186Algonquin, IL73.6-1.2 pts
187DeForest, WI73.6+0.8 pts
187Red Oak, TX73.6+0.3 pts
189Eagan, MN73.6-0.9 pts
189Round Lake Beach, IL73.6+0.3 pts
191Costa Mesa, CA73.6+0.4 pts
191La Vergne, TN73.6-0.8 pts
193Minneapolis, MN73.50 pts
194Lenexa, KS73.5-0.3 pts
195Brownsburg, IN73.5+1 pts
195Provo, UT73.5+0.7 pts
197Champlin, MN73.5-1.9 pts
197Smyrna, TN73.5-0 pts
197South Burlington, VT73.5-1 pts
200Woodbury, MN73.4-0.1 pts
201Midlothian, TX73.4+0.4 pts
202Shawnee, KS73.4+0.6 pts
203Harrison, NJ73.3+1.3 pts
204Mountain View, CA73.3+0.3 pts
204Santaquin, UT73.3-0.4 pts
206Olathe, KS73.3-0.3 pts
207Norcross, GA73.3-0.4 pts
208Prior Lake, MN73.3-1.6 pts
208West Valley City, UT73.3+1 pts
210Elgin, TX73.3+1.8 pts
211Maple Grove, MN73.2-0.3 pts
212Dardenne Prairie, MO73.20 pts
212Nolensville, TN73.2-2.2 pts
214Greenbelt, MD73.2-0.5 pts
215Spring Hill, KS73.2-2.4 pts
216Duluth, GA73.2+0.5 pts
217Montgomery, IL73.2-2.6 pts
218Mounds View, MN73.1-0.2 pts
219Layton, UT73.1+0.1 pts
220Suwanee, GA73.1-3.9 pts
221Logan, UT73.1-0.4 pts
222Greenville, WI73.1-1.3 pts
222Liberty Hill, TX73.1+1.2 pts
224Hawthorne, NJ73.1+0.8 pts
225Westminster, CO730 pts
225Woodinville, WA73+2.8 pts
227Danville, IN73+1.2 pts
227Woburn, MA73+0.8 pts
229Gaithersburg, MD73-0.2 pts
230Castle Pines, CO73+3.9 pts
230Stallings, NC73+2.1 pts
232Tremonton, UT72.9+3.8 pts
233East Bethel, MN72.9-1.8 pts
234Plainfield, NJ72.9+0.8 pts
234South Portland, ME72.9+0.1 pts
236Essex Junction, VT72.9+1 pts
236Salt Lake City, UT72.9-0.1 pts
238Anna, TX72.9+1.9 pts
238Villa Rica, GA72.9+1 pts
240South Sioux City, NE72.9+2.1 pts
240Wentzville, MO72.9+0.1 pts
242Junction City, KS72.9+1.1 pts
242Point Pleasant, NJ72.9+0.9 pts
244Kenmore, NY72.9+2.9 pts
244West Chicago, IL72.9+0.4 pts
246Acworth, GA72.8+1.5 pts
246Wylie, TX72.8-1.9 pts
248O'Fallon, MO72.8-0.2 pts
249Stafford, TX72.8-1.9 pts
249Windsor, WI72.8-4.2 pts

Showing the top 250 of 3214. The Excel download has every row.

Other periods

About this ranking

People aged 16 and over in the labor force (employed, unemployed or in the Armed Forces) as a percentage of all people aged 16 and over, including people in group quarters. United States: American Community Survey five-year estimate, where the period shown is the last year of the five-year span.

The Census Bureau definition used in its data profiles. It differs from the BLS labor_force_participation_rate, which counts the civilian noninstitutional population only.

Every value in the ranking comes from the same publisher and the same period, so the cities are compared on one definition. 5 cities with data in other periods have no value for 2023 and are left out rather than filled from another source. Equal values share a rank.

How to cite

U.S. Census Bureau. American Community Survey 5-year estimates, table B23025: population 16 years and over in the labor force as a percentage of the population 16 years and over, calculated with stored inputs, US cities (incorporated places of 10,000 or more). https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2023/table-based-SF/data/5YRData/acsdt5y2023-b23025.dat. Retrieved 2026-10-12.

Citation styles

The publisher is the author. Invokely is named only as the place the figures were read, where a style asks for it.

APA 7

U.S. Census Bureau. (2026). American Community Survey 5-year estimates, table B23025: population 16 years and over in the labor force as a percentage of the population 16 years and over, calculated with stored inputs, US cities (incorporated places of 10,000 or more) (US cities by labor force participation rate (US five-year survey estimate), 2023) [Data set]. Retrieved October 12, 2026, from https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2023/table-based-SF/data/5YRData/acsdt5y2023-b23025.dat

MLA 9

American Community Survey 5-year estimates, table B23025: population 16 years and over in the labor force as a percentage of the population 16 years and over, calculated with stored inputs, US cities (incorporated places of 10,000 or more), US cities by labor force participation rate (US five-year survey estimate), 2023. U.S. Census Bureau, 29 Jan. 2026, https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2023/table-based-SF/data/5YRData/acsdt5y2023-b23025.dat. Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/labor-force-participation-rate-acs/us-cities?period=2023. Accessed 12 Oct. 2026.

Chicago (author-date)

U.S. Census Bureau. 2026. American Community Survey 5-year estimates, table B23025: population 16 years and over in the labor force as a percentage of the population 16 years and over, calculated with stored inputs, US cities (incorporated places of 10,000 or more). US cities by labor force participation rate (US five-year survey estimate), 2023. Dataset. Accessed October 12, 2026. https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2023/table-based-SF/data/5YRData/acsdt5y2023-b23025.dat. Also distributed by Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/labor-force-participation-rate-acs/us-cities?period=2023.

Harvard

U.S. Census Bureau (2026) American Community Survey 5-year estimates, table B23025: population 16 years and over in the labor force as a percentage of the population 16 years and over, calculated with stored inputs, US cities (incorporated places of 10,000 or more), US cities by labor force participation rate (US five-year survey estimate), 2023 [Dataset]. Available at: https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2023/table-based-SF/data/5YRData/acsdt5y2023-b23025.dat, via Invokely: https://invokely.ai/rankings/labor-force-participation-rate-acs/us-cities?period=2023 (Accessed: 12 October 2026).

BibTeX
@misc{census_us_cities_by_labor_2023,
  author = {{U.S. Census Bureau}},
  title = {{American Community Survey 5-year estimates, table B23025: population 16 years and over in the labor force as a percentage of the population 16 years and over, calculated with stored inputs, US cities (incorporated places of 10,000 or more): US cities by labor force participation rate (US five-year survey estimate), 2023}},
  year = {2026},
  howpublished = {Data set},
  url = {https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2023/table-based-SF/data/5YRData/acsdt5y2023-b23025.dat},
  urldate = {2026-10-12},
  note = {Accessed via Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/labor-force-participation-rate-acs/us-cities?period=2023. Publisher attribution: U.S. Census Bureau. American Community Survey 5-year estimates, table B23025: population 16 years and over in the labor force as a percentage of the population 16 years and over, calculated with stored inputs, US cities (incorporated places of 10,000 or more). https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary\_file/2023/table-based-SF/data/5YRData/acsdt5y2023-b23025.dat. Retrieved 2026-10-12.},
}
RIS
TY  - DATA
AU  - U.S. Census Bureau
TI  - American Community Survey 5-year estimates, table B23025: population 16 years and over in the labor force as a percentage of the population 16 years and over, calculated with stored inputs, US cities (incorporated places of 10,000 or more): US cities by labor force participation rate (US five-year survey estimate), 2023
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/01/29
PB  - U.S. Census Bureau
DB  - Invokely
UR  - https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2023/table-based-SF/data/5YRData/acsdt5y2023-b23025.dat
L2  - https://invokely.ai/rankings/labor-force-participation-rate-acs/us-cities?period=2023
Y2  - 2026/10/12
N1  - Accessed via Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/labor-force-participation-rate-acs/us-cities?period=2023.
N1  - Publisher attribution: U.S. Census Bureau. American Community Survey 5-year estimates, table B23025: population 16 years and over in the labor force as a percentage of the population 16 years and over, calculated with stored inputs, US cities (incorporated places of 10,000 or more). https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2023/table-based-SF/data/5YRData/acsdt5y2023-b23025.dat. Retrieved 2026-10-12.
ER  -
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Questions

Which city has the highest labor force participation rate (US five-year survey estimate)?

Jackson, WY, with 87.6% in 2023, according to the U.S. Census Bureau.

Which city has the lowest labor force participation rate (US five-year survey estimate)?

Gatesville, TX, with 22.5% in 2023.

Where does this ranking come from?

Every value comes from one source and one period, so the places are comparable: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 5-year estimates, table B23025: population 16 years and over in the labor force as a percentage of the population 16 years and over, calculated with stored inputs, US cities (incorporated places of 10,000 or more). Retrieved 2026-10-12. 5 cities have no value for 2023 and are not ranked.

Labor force participation rate (US five-year survey estimate): other rankings

US cities: more rankings