US cities by labor force participation rate (US five-year survey estimate), 2024

Harrisburg, SD had the highest labor force participation rate (US five-year survey estimate) of 3219 cities in 2024, at 89.3%. Gatesville, TX had the lowest, at 21.4%. The median was 64.8% and the figure for the United States was 63.5%. Source: the U.S. Census Bureau.

Highest89.3Harrisburg, SD

Lowest21.4Gatesville, TX

Median64.83219 cities

United States63.5History

Top 40 cities, 2024

%. Source: Invokely calculation with data from U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 2026-10-12.

Full ranking

Rank	Cities	2024 (%)	Change on 2023
1	Harrisburg, SD	89.3	+2.8 pts
2	Jackson, WY	86.1	-1.5 pts
3	Whitestown, IN	83.4	+0.1 pts
4	Vineyard, UT	82.8	-0.1 pts
5	Addison, TX	82.3	+1 pts
6	Hoboken, NJ	81.9	-0.2 pts
7	Big Lake, MN	80.2	-0.8 pts
8	Lavon, TX	80.1	+2.2 pts
9	Northlake, TX	80	-4.9 pts
10	Ferndale, MI	79.8	-0.8 pts
11	Woods Cross, UT	79.6	+0.6 pts
12	Phoenixville, PA	79.2	+1.6 pts
13	Hailey, ID	79.2	+4.6 pts
14	St. Michael, MN	79.1	+0.8 pts
15	Somerville, MA	79.1	-0.2 pts
16	Mission, KS	79	+2.4 pts
17	Bluffdale, UT	78.9	+1.2 pts
18	Manor, TX	78.9	+0.3 pts
19	Dayton, MN	78.8	+3.8 pts
20	Johnstown, CO	78.8	-0.6 pts
21	Plano, IL	78.7	+1.2 pts
22	Belgrade, MT	78.5	+0.7 pts
23	Rifle, CO	78.4	-0.9 pts
24	Laurel, MD	78.4	+1.5 pts
25	Alexandria, VA	78.3	+0.1 pts
26	Gardner, KS	78.3	+0.2 pts
27	Sanger, TX	78.2	+2.1 pts
28	Snoqualmie, WA	78.1	-1.2 pts
29	Box Elder, SD	78.1	-1.1 pts
29	Grimes, IA	78.1	+1.7 pts
31	Savage, MN	77.9	+1.5 pts
32	Roselle Park, NJ	77.9	+1.5 pts
33	Knightdale, NC	77.8	+1 pts
34	Farmington, MN	77.7	-1 pts
35	Providence Village, TX	77.7	+8.3 pts
36	La Vista, NE	77.6	+0.6 pts
37	West Fargo, ND	77.5	-3.2 pts
38	Buda, TX	77.5	+4.9 pts
39	Jacksonville, NC	77.5	-0.2 pts
40	North Liberty, IA	77.4	-2.3 pts
41	Waukee, IA	77.3	-1 pts
42	Broussard, LA	77.1	-1.8 pts
43	Iowa Colony, TX	77.1	+1.7 pts
43	The Colony, TX	77.1	-0 pts
45	Wixom, MI	77	-0.4 pts
46	Richmond Hill, GA	77	+2.4 pts
47	Hutto, TX	76.9	-0.9 pts
48	Brookhaven, GA	76.6	-0 pts
48	McCordsville, IN	76.6	-1.5 pts
50	Port Wentworth, GA	76.6	-1.7 pts
51	Manhattan, IL	76.6	-1.6 pts
52	South Salt Lake, UT	76.5	+0.5 pts
52	West Hollywood, CA	76.5	-0.7 pts
54	Herndon, VA	76.4	-1.3 pts
55	Herriman, UT	76.3	+0.5 pts
56	Grain Valley, MO	76.3	-0.2 pts
56	Harrison, WI	76.3	+0.8 pts
58	Ankeny, IA	76.3	-0.1 pts
59	St. Louis Park, MN	76.3	+0.5 pts
60	Euless, TX	76.3	-0.6 pts
60	North Chicago, IL	76.3	+0.2 pts
62	Brandon, SD	76.2	-0.2 pts
63	Erie, CO	76.2	-0.1 pts
64	Pflugerville, TX	76.2	+0.2 pts
65	Farmers Branch, TX	76.2	+0.4 pts
66	Syracuse, UT	76.2	-0.3 pts
66	Williston, ND	76.2	+0.2 pts
68	Fife, WA	76.1	+0.3 pts
68	Round Lake, IL	76.1	+1 pts
70	Chaska, MN	76.1	+0.8 pts
71	Havelock, NC	76	-0.9 pts
72	Emeryville, CA	76	-2.6 pts
72	Indian Trail, NC	76	0 pts
74	Leesburg, VA	76	-0.7 pts
75	Otsego, MN	76	+1.5 pts
76	Lewisville, TX	75.9	+0.3 pts
77	Eagle Mountain, UT	75.9	+0.1 pts
78	Windsor, WI	75.9	+3.1 pts
79	Frederick, CO	75.9	-1.1 pts
79	Hyattsville, MD	75.9	-1.5 pts
81	Smyrna, GA	75.8	-2.2 pts
82	Parker, CO	75.8	-0.8 pts
83	Glenwood Springs, CO	75.8	-2.2 pts
84	Leander, TX	75.7	-0.7 pts
85	Midvale, UT	75.7	-1.2 pts
86	Superior, CO	75.7	+1.1 pts
87	Heber, UT	75.6	+0.1 pts
88	Princeton, TX	75.6	+0.3 pts
89	Kyle, TX	75.6	+1.5 pts
90	Wellington, CO	75.6	+1.3 pts
91	Lehi, UT	75.6	+0.3 pts
92	Fate, TX	75.6	+0.7 pts
93	Chamblee, GA	75.5	-0.9 pts
93	Hilliard, OH	75.5	0 pts
95	Morrisville, NC	75.5	+0.2 pts
96	Liberty Hill, TX	75.5	+2.4 pts
96	West Jordan, UT	75.5	-0.6 pts
98	Manassas Park, VA	75.4	-1.2 pts
99	Berkley, MI	75.4	-0.9 pts
100	Morristown, NJ	75.3	-0.5 pts
100	North Plainfield, NJ	75.3	+0.5 pts
100	Severance, CO	75.3	-2.1 pts
103	Centerton, AR	75.3	+0.3 pts
104	Spring Hill, KS	75.2	+2 pts
105	Austin, TX	75.2	+0.2 pts
105	Hopatcong, NJ	75.2	-0.1 pts
107	Englewood, CO	75.1	+0.3 pts
108	Maitland, FL	75.1	-0.3 pts
109	Oakland Park, FL	75.1	+0.1 pts
110	Harrison, NJ	75.1	+1.8 pts
111	Westwood, NJ	75.1	+0.8 pts
112	Essex Junction, VT	75	+2.1 pts
112	Shakopee, MN	75	-1.6 pts
114	Bound Brook, NJ	74.9	+0.4 pts
115	Harrison, OH	74.9	-1.7 pts
116	Kenmore, NY	74.9	+2 pts
117	Patchogue, NY	74.8	-2.9 pts
118	Mechanicsburg, PA	74.7	+2.8 pts
119	Lakewood, OH	74.7	+0.1 pts
120	Fargo, ND	74.7	-0.3 pts
121	Castle Rock, CO	74.7	+0.2 pts
121	Lindenhurst, IL	74.7	-1.1 pts
123	Royse City, TX	74.6	+1.8 pts
124	Wauconda, IL	74.6	+2 pts
125	Arlington, TN	74.6	+1.9 pts
126	Lakeville, MN	74.5	-0.8 pts
126	West Point, UT	74.5	-2.3 pts
128	Sauk Rapids, MN	74.5	+0.5 pts
129	Nolensville, TN	74.5	+1.3 pts
130	Denver, CO	74.4	+0.1 pts
131	Calera, AL	74.4	-2 pts
132	Royal Oak, MI	74.4	-0.5 pts
133	Stafford, TX	74.3	+1.5 pts
134	Romeoville, IL	74.3	+1.8 pts
135	Dover, NJ	74.2	+1.8 pts
136	Lake in the Hills, IL	74.2	-0.1 pts
136	Monticello, MN	74.2	-1.7 pts
138	Goose Creek, SC	74.2	+1.5 pts
138	Roselle, NJ	74.2	+3.7 pts
138	Sandy Springs, GA	74.2	+0.1 pts
141	Cary, IL	74.2	-0.1 pts
142	Dardenne Prairie, MO	74.2	+0.9 pts
142	Seattle, WA	74.2	+0.1 pts
144	Firestone, CO	74.1	-0.5 pts
145	Grapevine, TX	74.1	-1.7 pts
146	Commerce City, CO	74.1	+0.1 pts
147	Sioux Falls, SD	74	-0.4 pts
148	Monroe, OH	74	-1 pts
148	Thornton, CO	74	-0.2 pts
150	Santaquin, UT	74	+0.7 pts
151	Logan, UT	73.9	+0.9 pts
151	Red Oak, TX	73.9	+0.3 pts
151	Ridgefield Park, NJ	73.9	-1.1 pts
154	Robbinsdale, MN	73.9	-1.2 pts
155	North Lauderdale, FL	73.9	-0.8 pts
156	Lake Zurich, IL	73.9	-0.3 pts
157	Locust Grove, GA	73.9	+2.6 pts
158	Highland Park, NJ	73.9	+1.2 pts
159	Aliso Viejo, CA	73.9	-0.9 pts
159	Portland, TN	73.9	+2 pts
161	South St. Paul, MN	73.8	+1.4 pts
162	Huntersville, NC	73.8	-0.1 pts
163	Red Bank, TN	73.8	-0 pts
164	Kearns, UT	73.8	-0 pts
165	Mineola, NY	73.7	-0.2 pts
166	Pompton Lakes, NJ	73.7	0 pts
167	Forney, TX	73.7	-1.5 pts
167	Waconia, MN	73.7	-1.3 pts
169	Woburn, MA	73.7	+0.7 pts
170	Fairburn, GA	73.7	-1.6 pts
170	Minooka, IL	73.7	-1.1 pts
170	Victoria, MN	73.7	-1.5 pts
173	Castle Pines, CO	73.7	+0.7 pts
174	Rogers, MN	73.6	-0.5 pts
175	Takoma Park, MD	73.6	+1.1 pts
176	Costa Mesa, CA	73.6	0 pts
177	Hugo, MN	73.6	-1.9 pts
178	Mountain View, CA	73.6	+0.3 pts
178	West Haven, UT	73.6	-2.1 pts
180	Wendell, NC	73.6	-1.1 pts
181	Chatham, IL	73.6	+1.3 pts
182	Port Royal, SC	73.5	+2.4 pts
183	Plainfield, NJ	73.5	+0.6 pts
184	Carrollton, TX	73.5	-0.6 pts
185	Edgewater, NJ	73.5	-0.5 pts
185	Somerville, NJ	73.5	-0.2 pts
187	Avon, IN	73.5	-1.7 pts
187	Gaithersburg, MD	73.5	+0.5 pts
189	Montgomery, IL	73.5	+0.3 pts
190	South Sioux City, NE	73.4	+0.6 pts
191	Clayton, NC	73.4	+2.3 pts
192	North St. Paul, MN	73.4	+5.1 pts
193	Pickerington, OH	73.3	-2.1 pts
194	Shawnee, KS	73.3	-0 pts
194	Spring Hill, TN	73.3	+0.8 pts
196	Carpentersville, IL	73.3	-0.8 pts
197	Waldwick, NJ	73.3	+2.1 pts
198	Fitchburg, WI	73.3	+0.6 pts
198	Lenexa, KS	73.3	-0.2 pts
200	Yorkville, IL	73.3	-2.1 pts
201	Bentonville, AR	73.2	-1.4 pts
201	Stallings, NC	73.2	+0.3 pts
203	Smyrna, TN	73.2	-0.3 pts
204	Westbrook, ME	73.1	+1.3 pts
205	O'Fallon, MO	73.1	+0.3 pts
206	Anna, TX	73.1	+0.2 pts
206	Westfield, IN	73.1	-0.7 pts
208	West Valley City, UT	73.1	-0.2 pts
209	Fishers, IN	73.1	-0.7 pts
210	Elgin, TX	73.1	-0.2 pts
210	Suwanee, GA	73.1	-0 pts
212	Danville, IN	73.1	+0.1 pts
212	Franklin Park, PA	73.1	+0.7 pts
214	North Salt Lake, UT	73	-0.9 pts
214	Salt Lake City, UT	73	+0.1 pts
216	Warrenville, IL	73	-0.7 pts
217	Kaukauna, WI	73	+1 pts
218	Grayslake, IL	73	-1.8 pts
219	Prior Lake, MN	73	-0.3 pts
220	Cottage Grove, MN	73	+0.3 pts
220	Roanoke, TX	73	-3.7 pts
222	Duluth, GA	73	-0.2 pts
222	Minneapolis, MN	73	-0.6 pts
222	Riverton, UT	73	+0.7 pts
225	Apex, NC	73	-1 pts
225	Little Elm, TX	73	-1.6 pts
225	Lockport, IL	73	-2 pts
228	La Vergne, TN	72.9	-0.6 pts
228	Olathe, KS	72.9	-0.4 pts
228	Westminster, CO	72.9	-0.1 pts
231	Greenville, WI	72.9	-0.1 pts
232	Murfreesboro, TN	72.9	+0.8 pts
233	Fountain Inn, SC	72.9	+2.3 pts
233	Round Lake Beach, IL	72.9	-0.7 pts
235	Mableton, GA	72.9	+0.6 pts
236	Flowery Branch, GA	72.9	-1.6 pts
236	Verona, WI	72.9	-1 pts
236	White House, TN	72.9	+0.9 pts
239	South Burlington, VT	72.9	-0.6 pts
240	Sussex, WI	72.8	-1.3 pts
241	Rosemount, MN	72.8	-0.9 pts
242	Provo, UT	72.8	-0.7 pts
243	Coppell, TX	72.8	+0.4 pts
244	Youngsville, LA	72.8	+1.5 pts
245	Selma, TX	72.8	-3.5 pts
246	Saratoga Springs, UT	72.8	+0.8 pts
247	Asbury Park, NJ	72.8	-0.9 pts
247	Sun Prairie, WI	72.8	+0.5 pts
249	Maple Grove, MN	72.7	-0.5 pts
250	Dover, NH	72.7	+0.7 pts

Showing the top 250 of 3219. The Excel download has every row.

Other periods

2024
2023
2022
2021

About this ranking

People aged 16 and over in the labor force (employed, unemployed or in the Armed Forces) as a percentage of all people aged 16 and over, including people in group quarters. United States: American Community Survey five-year estimate, where the period shown is the last year of the five-year span.

The Census Bureau definition used in its data profiles. It differs from the BLS labor_force_participation_rate, which counts the civilian noninstitutional population only.

Every value in the ranking comes from the same publisher and the same period, so the cities are compared on one definition. Equal values share a rank.

How to cite

U.S. Census Bureau. American Community Survey 5-year estimates, table B23025: population 16 years and over in the labor force as a percentage of the population 16 years and over, calculated with stored inputs, US cities (incorporated places of 10,000 or more). https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/5YRData/acsdt5y2024-b23025.dat. Retrieved 2026-10-12.

Citation styles

The publisher is the author. Invokely is named only as the place the figures were read, where a style asks for it.

APA 7

U.S. Census Bureau. (2026). American Community Survey 5-year estimates, table B23025: population 16 years and over in the labor force as a percentage of the population 16 years and over, calculated with stored inputs, US cities (incorporated places of 10,000 or more) (US cities by labor force participation rate (US five-year survey estimate), 2024) [Data set]. Retrieved October 12, 2026, from https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/5YRData/acsdt5y2024-b23025.dat

MLA 9

American Community Survey 5-year estimates, table B23025: population 16 years and over in the labor force as a percentage of the population 16 years and over, calculated with stored inputs, US cities (incorporated places of 10,000 or more), US cities by labor force participation rate (US five-year survey estimate), 2024. U.S. Census Bureau, 29 Jan. 2026, https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/5YRData/acsdt5y2024-b23025.dat. Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/labor-force-participation-rate-acs/us-cities. Accessed 12 Oct. 2026.

Chicago (author-date)

U.S. Census Bureau. 2026. American Community Survey 5-year estimates, table B23025: population 16 years and over in the labor force as a percentage of the population 16 years and over, calculated with stored inputs, US cities (incorporated places of 10,000 or more). US cities by labor force participation rate (US five-year survey estimate), 2024. Dataset. Accessed October 12, 2026. https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/5YRData/acsdt5y2024-b23025.dat. Also distributed by Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/labor-force-participation-rate-acs/us-cities.

Harvard

U.S. Census Bureau (2026) American Community Survey 5-year estimates, table B23025: population 16 years and over in the labor force as a percentage of the population 16 years and over, calculated with stored inputs, US cities (incorporated places of 10,000 or more), US cities by labor force participation rate (US five-year survey estimate), 2024 [Dataset]. Available at: https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/5YRData/acsdt5y2024-b23025.dat, via Invokely: https://invokely.ai/rankings/labor-force-participation-rate-acs/us-cities (Accessed: 12 October 2026).

BibTeX

@misc{census_us_cities_by_labor_2024,
  author = {{U.S. Census Bureau}},
  title = {{American Community Survey 5-year estimates, table B23025: population 16 years and over in the labor force as a percentage of the population 16 years and over, calculated with stored inputs, US cities (incorporated places of 10,000 or more): US cities by labor force participation rate (US five-year survey estimate), 2024}},
  year = {2026},
  howpublished = {Data set},
  url = {https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/5YRData/acsdt5y2024-b23025.dat},
  urldate = {2026-10-12},
  note = {Accessed via Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/labor-force-participation-rate-acs/us-cities. Publisher attribution: U.S. Census Bureau. American Community Survey 5-year estimates, table B23025: population 16 years and over in the labor force as a percentage of the population 16 years and over, calculated with stored inputs, US cities (incorporated places of 10,000 or more). https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary\_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/5YRData/acsdt5y2024-b23025.dat. Retrieved 2026-10-12.},
}

RIS

TY  - DATA
AU  - U.S. Census Bureau
TI  - American Community Survey 5-year estimates, table B23025: population 16 years and over in the labor force as a percentage of the population 16 years and over, calculated with stored inputs, US cities (incorporated places of 10,000 or more): US cities by labor force participation rate (US five-year survey estimate), 2024
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/01/29
PB  - U.S. Census Bureau
DB  - Invokely
UR  - https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/5YRData/acsdt5y2024-b23025.dat
L2  - https://invokely.ai/rankings/labor-force-participation-rate-acs/us-cities
Y2  - 2026/10/12
N1  - Accessed via Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/labor-force-participation-rate-acs/us-cities.
N1  - Publisher attribution: U.S. Census Bureau. American Community Survey 5-year estimates, table B23025: population 16 years and over in the labor force as a percentage of the population 16 years and over, calculated with stored inputs, US cities (incorporated places of 10,000 or more). https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/5YRData/acsdt5y2024-b23025.dat. Retrieved 2026-10-12.
ER  -

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Rank US cities by labor force participation rate (US five-year survey estimate) using official data, and cite the source.

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Questions

Which city has the highest labor force participation rate (US five-year survey estimate)?

Harrisburg, SD, with 89.3% in 2024, according to the U.S. Census Bureau.

Which city has the lowest labor force participation rate (US five-year survey estimate)?

Gatesville, TX, with 21.4% in 2024.

Where does this ranking come from?

Every value comes from one source and one period, so the places are comparable: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 5-year estimates, table B23025: population 16 years and over in the labor force as a percentage of the population 16 years and over, calculated with stored inputs, US cities (incorporated places of 10,000 or more). Retrieved 2026-10-12.