Data / Rankings / Fossil CO2 emissions / Countries

Countries by fossil CO2 emissions

China had the highest fossil CO2 emissions of 215 countries in 2019, at 10,713.5 million tonnes of CO2. Christmas Island had the lowest, at 0 million tonnes of CO2. The median was 9.7 million tonnes of CO2 and the figure for the World was 37,086.6 million tonnes of CO2. Source: Global Carbon Project.

Highest10,713.5China
Lowest0Christmas Island
Median9.7215 countries
World37,086.6History

Top 40 countries, 2019

China: 10,713.5 million tonnes of CO2China10,713.5United States: 5,235.9 million tonnes of CO2United States5,235.9India: 2,611.2 million tonnes of CO2India2,611.2Russia: 1,704.5 million tonnes of CO2Russia1,704.5Japan: 1,102.1 million tonnes of CO2Japan1,102.1Iran: 727.3 million tonnes of CO2Iran727.3Germany: 708.6 million tonnes of CO2Germany708.6Saudi Arabia: 708.3 million tonnes of CO2Saudi Arabia708.3Indonesia: 665 million tonnes of CO2Indonesia665South Korea: 646.1 million tonnes of CO2South Korea646.1Canada: 579 million tonnes of CO2Canada579Brazil: 476.7 million tonnes of CO2Brazil476.7South Africa: 470.7 million tonnes of CO2South Africa470.7Mexico: 468.2 million tonnes of CO2Mexico468.2Australia: 414.9 million tonnes of CO2Australia414.9Türkiye: 406.6 million tonnes of CO2Türkiye406.6United Kingdom: 364.8 million tonnes of CO2United Kingdom364.8Italy: 339.6 million tonnes of CO2Italy339.6Vietnam: 339.3 million tonnes of CO2Vietnam339.3Poland: 317.4 million tonnes of CO2Poland317.4France: 316.3 million tonnes of CO2France316.3Kazakhstan: 296 million tonnes of CO2Kazakhstan296Thailand: 281.9 million tonnes of CO2Thailand281.9Malaysia: 277.7 million tonnes of CO2Malaysia277.7Taiwan: 274.7 million tonnes of CO2Taiwan274.7Spain: 250.7 million tonnes of CO2Spain250.7Egypt: 234.1 million tonnes of CO2Egypt234.1Ukraine: 222.2 million tonnes of CO2Ukraine222.2United Arab Emirates: 204.1 million tonnes of CO2United Arab Emirates204.1Iraq: 191.8 million tonnes of CO2Iraq191.8Pakistan: 190.8 million tonnes of CO2Pakistan190.8Algeria: 182.4 million tonnes of CO2Algeria182.4Argentina: 180.4 million tonnes of CO2Argentina180.4Netherlands: 152.7 million tonnes of CO2Netherlands152.7Philippines: 142.6 million tonnes of CO2Philippines142.6Nigeria: 127.9 million tonnes of CO2Nigeria127.9Uzbekistan: 107.9 million tonnes of CO2Uzbekistan107.9Venezuela: 105.4 million tonnes of CO2Venezuela105.4Kuwait: 104.7 million tonnes of CO2Kuwait104.7Qatar: 101.4 million tonnes of CO2Qatar101.4
million tonnes of CO2. Source: Global Carbon Project, Global Carbon Project fossil CO2 emissions dataset: total fossil CO2 emissions, million tonnes of CO2. Retrieved 2026-10-12.

Full ranking

RankCountries2019
million tonnes of CO2		Change on 2018
1China10,713.5+3.5%
2United States5,235.9-2.3%
3India2,611.2+0.6%
4Russia1,704.5-0.3%
5Japan1,102.1-3.2%
6Iran727.3+9.4%
7Germany708.6-6.6%
8Saudi Arabia708.3+8.6%
9Indonesia665+9.5%
10South Korea646.1-3.6%
11Canada579+0.7%
12Brazil476.70%
13South Africa470.7+3.7%
14Mexico468.2-0%
15Australia414.90%
16Türkiye406.6-4.1%
17United Kingdom364.8-3.9%
18Italy339.6-2.7%
19Vietnam339.3+32.8%
20Poland317.4-5.4%
21France316.3-2.1%
22Kazakhstan296-10.2%
23Thailand281.9-2.2%
24Malaysia277.7+5.7%
25Taiwan274.7-3.3%
26Spain250.7-6.6%
27Egypt234.1-3.2%
28Ukraine222.2-4.2%
29United Arab Emirates204.1-0%
30Iraq191.8+3%
31Pakistan190.8-6.2%
32Algeria182.4+4.6%
33Argentina180.4-1.1%
34Netherlands152.7-3.5%
35Philippines142.6+2%
36Nigeria127.9+19.7%
37Uzbekistan107.9+5.5%
38Venezuela105.4-5.2%
39Kuwait104.7+2.1%
40Qatar101.4-1.2%
41Czechia101-5%
42Belgium99.8-0.5%
43Colombia99+9%
44Bangladesh94.8+9.5%
45Chile92+8.9%
46Romania76.7-4%
47Libya73.8+17.8%
48Oman72+1.9%
49North Korea69.5+11%
50Morocco68.7+10.3%
51Austria68+2.1%
52Greece65.7-8.4%
53Turkmenistan62.3+1.6%
54Belarus62.2-0%
55Israel59-1.7%
56Peru58.7+4.7%
57Hungary49.2-0.4%
58Singapore49-2.6%
59Portugal47.6-7.3%
60Mongolia47.1+4%
61Serbia44.4-0.1%
62Norway42.9-3.6%
63Finland42.4-7.2%
64Bulgaria42.2-3%
65Hong Kong41.9-1.6%
66Sweden40.8-2.6%
67Trinidad and Tobago40.8+1.1%
68Ecuador40.1+4.2%
69Azerbaijan37.8+9.2%
70Bahrain37.6+15%
71Ireland37.2-4.4%
72Switzerland36.8-0.3%
73New Zealand36.7+2.9%
74Slovakia33.9-6.4%
75Myanmar33.6-1.2%
76Syria33.5+5.4%
77Denmark31-10.6%
78Tunisia30.6-1.7%
79Dominican Republic28.5+13%
80Lebanon25.1-2.6%
81Jordan24.6-3.3%
82Bolivia22.6+0.4%
83Cuba22.5-2.3%
84Angola22.2-4.6%
85Sudan22+7.3%
86Sri Lanka21.1+4.8%
87Bosnia and Herzegovina20.8-5.7%
88Guatemala19.3+5%
89Cambodia18.6+33.6%
90Laos18.3-10.5%
91Kenya18.2+6.8%
92Croatia17.8+0.7%
93Ethiopia17.2+6.6%
94Ghana16.4+8.1%
95Tanzania16.2+13.8%
96Slovenia14.1-3.5%
97Lithuania13.6+1.7%
98Nepal12.8-9.2%
99Senegal12.7+12.2%
100Panama12.4+36.5%
101Estonia12.3-31%
102Yemen11.8+2.5%
103Honduras11+11%
104Côte d’Ivoire10.5+1.2%
105Georgia10.5+6.4%
106Afghanistan10.4+2%
107Zimbabwe10.3-8.4%
108Luxembourg9.7+2%
109Cameroon9.6-2.4%
110Brunei9.6+2.4%
111Jamaica9.4+17.1%
112Kyrgyzstan9-19%
113Zambia8.8+2.2%
114Tajikistan8.7+7.8%
115Paraguay8.3-2.8%
116Costa Rica7.7-3.8%
117El Salvador7.6+18.3%
118Latvia7.6-2.7%
119North Macedonia7.6+14.6%
120Papua New Guinea7.6-0.2%
121Botswana7.5-2.1%
122Cyprus7.30%
123Republic of the Congo7.3+11.4%
124Mozambique7.1+1.2%
125Uruguay6.4-2.5%
126Armenia6.3+7.9%
127Uganda5.8+3.8%
128New Caledonia5.7-4.1%
129Burkina Faso5.6+7.5%
130Gabon5.6+0.8%
131Mali5.6+7.6%
132Equatorial Guinea5.5-21.6%
133Moldova5.4+0.5%
134Benin5.3-7%
135Nicaragua5.2+0.6%
136Albania4.9-4.9%
137Mauritania4.6+3.8%
138Mauritius4.5+1.6%
139Madagascar4.1+15%
140Democratic Republic of the Congo4.1+9.1%
141Guinea4.1+8.9%
142Namibia3.7+2.6%
143Iceland3.6-3.1%
144Palestine3.3+10.4%
145Haiti3.1-8.3%
146Guyana2.6+14.1%
147Suriname2.6+25.8%
148Bahamas2.5+2.7%
149Niger2.5+39.4%
150Montenegro2.5+3%
151Curaçao2.4-44.6%
152Togo2.4+16.2%
153Chad2.3-3.5%
154Lesotho2.2+1%
155Maldives2+14.8%
156South Sudan1.8+1.9%
157Malawi1.7+0.3%
158Malta1.6+6.6%
159Bhutan1.6-7%
160Fiji1.5+2%
161Rwanda1.4+7.6%
162Barbados1.4-3.8%
163Macao1.2-2.4%
164Sierra Leone1.1+7.8%
165Eswatini1.1+8.3%
166Somalia1.1+3.5%
167Liberia0.9+53.1%
168French Polynesia0.9+1.3%
169Aruba0.8-4.2%
170Belize0.8+16.7%
171Faroe Islands0.7+2%
172Gambia0.7+9.6%
173Sint Maarten0.7+0.5%
174Burundi0.7+6.2%
175Timor-Leste0.7+9.5%
176Eritrea0.6+4.6%
177Antigua and Barbuda0.6+3.6%
178Cape Verde0.6+10.3%
179Bermuda0.6-14.7%
180Seychelles0.6-1.2%
181Djibouti0.5+14.6%
182Greenland0.5+0.5%
183Saint Lucia0.5-1.4%
184Andorra0.5-1.5%
185Turks and Caicos Islands0.4+1%
186Grenada0.3+8.3%
187Central African Republic0.3+14.9%
187Comoros0.3+9%
189Solomon Islands0.3+1.3%
190Saint Kitts and Nevis0.3+4.4%
190Samoa0.3+10.9%
192Guinea-Bissau0.3+29.6%
193Saint Vincent and the Grenadines0.2-9.1%
194Palau0.2+1.7%
195British Virgin Islands0.2+16.3%
196Dominica0.2+4.4%
197Vanuatu0.2-6.3%
198Tonga0.2+22.2%
199Liechtenstein0.1+4.3%
200Marshall Islands0.10%
200São Tomé and Príncipe0.1+5.3%
202Anguilla0.1+8.3%
202Micronesia0.10%
204Caribbean Netherlands0.1+5.6%
205Cook Islands0.1+4.8%
206Kiribati0.10%
207Saint Pierre and Miquelon0.1+12.5%
208Nauru0.1-6.7%
209Montserrat0-12.5%
209Wallis and Futuna00%
211Saint Helena0+33.3%
212Tuvalu00%
213Niue00%
214Antarctica0n/a
214Christmas Island0n/a

Other periods

About this ranking

Carbon dioxide emitted from fossil sources in the year, in million tonnes of CO2, as estimated by the Global Carbon Project for the Global Carbon Budget. Fossil CO2 covers the burning of coal, oil and gas, gas flaring, cement production and other industrial carbonate use. Emissions are counted in the country where they occur (territorial emissions). International aviation and shipping are left out of country figures and included in the World total. Land use change is not included.

Higher than energy_co2_emissions (EIA), which counts CO2 from energy use only, and lower than greenhouse gas totals, which add methane, nitrous oxide and fluorinated gases. Each annual Global Carbon Budget release revises past years.

Every value in the ranking comes from the same publisher and the same period, so the countries are compared on one definition. Equal values share a rank.

How to cite

Andrew, R. M. and Peters, G. P., The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset, Global Carbon Budget (Friedlingstein et al.). Global Carbon Project fossil CO2 emissions dataset: total fossil CO2 emissions, million tonnes of CO2. https://zenodo.org/records/17417124. Retrieved 2026-10-12. Licensed under CC BY 4.0.

Citation styles

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APA 7

Global Carbon Project. (2025). Global Carbon Project fossil CO2 emissions dataset: total fossil CO2 emissions, million tonnes of CO2 (Countries by fossil CO2 emissions, 2019) [Data set]. Retrieved October 12, 2026, from https://zenodo.org/records/17417124

MLA 9

Global Carbon Project fossil CO2 emissions dataset: total fossil CO2 emissions, million tonnes of CO2, Countries by fossil CO2 emissions, 2019. Global Carbon Project, 22 Oct. 2025, https://zenodo.org/records/17417124. Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/fossil-co2-emissions/countries?period=2019. Accessed 12 Oct. 2026.

Chicago (author-date)

Global Carbon Project. 2025. Global Carbon Project fossil CO2 emissions dataset: total fossil CO2 emissions, million tonnes of CO2. Countries by fossil CO2 emissions, 2019. Dataset. Accessed October 12, 2026. https://zenodo.org/records/17417124. Also distributed by Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/fossil-co2-emissions/countries?period=2019.

Harvard

Global Carbon Project (2025) Global Carbon Project fossil CO2 emissions dataset: total fossil CO2 emissions, million tonnes of CO2, Countries by fossil CO2 emissions, 2019 [Dataset]. Available at: https://zenodo.org/records/17417124, via Invokely: https://invokely.ai/rankings/fossil-co2-emissions/countries?period=2019 (Accessed: 12 October 2026).

BibTeX
@misc{global_countries_by_fossil_co2_2019,
  author = {{Global Carbon Project}},
  title = {{Global Carbon Project fossil CO2 emissions dataset: total fossil CO2 emissions, million tonnes of CO2: Countries by fossil CO2 emissions, 2019}},
  year = {2025},
  howpublished = {Data set},
  url = {https://zenodo.org/records/17417124},
  urldate = {2026-10-12},
  note = {Accessed via Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/fossil-co2-emissions/countries?period=2019. Publisher attribution: Andrew, R. M. and Peters, G. P., The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset, Global Carbon Budget (Friedlingstein et al.). Global Carbon Project fossil CO2 emissions dataset: total fossil CO2 emissions, million tonnes of CO2. https://zenodo.org/records/17417124. Retrieved 2026-10-12. Licensed under CC BY 4.0.},
}
RIS
TY  - DATA
AU  - Global Carbon Project
TI  - Global Carbon Project fossil CO2 emissions dataset: total fossil CO2 emissions, million tonnes of CO2: Countries by fossil CO2 emissions, 2019
PY  - 2025
DA  - 2025/10/22
PB  - Global Carbon Project
DB  - Invokely
UR  - https://zenodo.org/records/17417124
L2  - https://invokely.ai/rankings/fossil-co2-emissions/countries?period=2019
Y2  - 2026/10/12
N1  - Accessed via Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/fossil-co2-emissions/countries?period=2019.
N1  - Publisher attribution: Andrew, R. M. and Peters, G. P., The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset, Global Carbon Budget (Friedlingstein et al.). Global Carbon Project fossil CO2 emissions dataset: total fossil CO2 emissions, million tonnes of CO2. https://zenodo.org/records/17417124. Retrieved 2026-10-12. Licensed under CC BY 4.0.
ER  -
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Questions

Which country has the highest fossil CO2 emissions?

China, with 10,713.5 million tonnes of CO2 in 2019, according to Global Carbon Project.

Which country has the lowest fossil CO2 emissions?

Christmas Island, with 0 million tonnes of CO2 in 2019.

Where does this ranking come from?

Every value comes from one source and one period, so the places are comparable: Global Carbon Project, Global Carbon Project fossil CO2 emissions dataset: total fossil CO2 emissions, million tonnes of CO2. Retrieved 2026-10-12.

Fossil CO2 emissions: other rankings

Countries: more rankings