Data / Rankings / Greenhouse gas emissions / EU countries

EU countries by greenhouse gas emissions

Germany had the highest greenhouse gas emissions of 27 EU countries in 2023, at 669.58 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent. Malta had the lowest, at 2.21 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent. The median was 53.09 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent and the figure for the European Union (27) was 3,088.35 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent. Source: Eurostat, European Commission.

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Highest669.58Germany
Lowest2.21Malta
Median53.0927 EU countries
European Union (27)3,088.35History

Map of EU countries, 2023

Austria: 68.67 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentBelgium: 97.81 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentBulgaria: 45.7 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentCyprus: 8.79 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentCzechia: 102.24 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentGermany: 669.58 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentDenmark: 39.07 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentEstonia: 10.89 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentSpain: 269.97 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentFinland: 41.22 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentFrance: 378.23 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentGreece: 71.94 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentCroatia: 25.34 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentHungary: 54.24 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentIreland: 54.99 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentItaly: 377.14 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentLithuania: 17.88 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentLuxembourg: 7.81 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentLatvia: 9.9 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentMalta: 2.21 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentNetherlands: 142.8 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentPoland: 347.31 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentPortugal: 53.09 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentRomania: 95.76 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentSweden: 44.23 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentSlovenia: 14.87 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentSlovakia: 36.65 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent
  • Under 15
  • 15 to 42
  • 42 to 63
  • 63 to 130
  • 130 and over
million tonnes of CO2 equivalent, 2023. Source: European Environment Agency greenhouse gas inventory (via Eurostat), Greenhouse gas emissions by source sector, total excluding LULUCF and memo items, million tonnes of CO2 equivalent (env_air_gge, source: EEA). Boundaries: Natural Earth (public domain).

All EU countries, 2023

Germany: 669.58 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentGermany669.58France: 378.23 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentFrance378.23Italy: 377.14 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentItaly377.14Poland: 347.31 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentPoland347.31Spain: 269.97 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentSpain269.97Netherlands: 142.8 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentNetherlands142.8Czechia: 102.24 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentCzechia102.24Belgium: 97.81 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentBelgium97.81Romania: 95.76 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentRomania95.76Greece: 71.94 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentGreece71.94Austria: 68.67 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentAustria68.67Ireland: 54.99 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentIreland54.99Hungary: 54.24 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentHungary54.24Portugal: 53.09 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentPortugal53.09Bulgaria: 45.7 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentBulgaria45.7Sweden: 44.23 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentSweden44.23Finland: 41.22 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentFinland41.22Denmark: 39.07 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentDenmark39.07Slovakia: 36.65 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentSlovakia36.65Croatia: 25.34 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentCroatia25.34Lithuania: 17.88 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentLithuania17.88Slovenia: 14.87 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentSlovenia14.87Estonia: 10.89 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentEstonia10.89Latvia: 9.9 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentLatvia9.9Cyprus: 8.79 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentCyprus8.79Luxembourg: 7.81 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentLuxembourg7.81Malta: 2.21 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentMalta2.21Germany: 669.58 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentGermany669.58France: 378.23 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentFrance378.23Italy: 377.14 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentItaly377.14Poland: 347.31 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentPoland347.31Spain: 269.97 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentSpain269.97Netherlands: 142.8 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentNetherlands142.8Czechia: 102.24 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentCzechia102.24Belgium: 97.81 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentBelgium97.81Romania: 95.76 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentRomania95.76Greece: 71.94 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentGreece71.94Austria: 68.67 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentAustria68.67Ireland: 54.99 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentIreland54.99Hungary: 54.24 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentHungary54.24Portugal: 53.09 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentPortugal53.09Bulgaria: 45.7 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentBulgaria45.7Sweden: 44.23 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentSweden44.23Finland: 41.22 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentFinland41.22Denmark: 39.07 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentDenmark39.07Slovakia: 36.65 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentSlovakia36.65Croatia: 25.34 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentCroatia25.34Lithuania: 17.88 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentLithuania17.88Slovenia: 14.87 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentSlovenia14.87Estonia: 10.89 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentEstonia10.89Latvia: 9.9 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentLatvia9.9Cyprus: 8.79 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentCyprus8.79Luxembourg: 7.81 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentLuxembourg7.81Malta: 2.21 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentMalta2.21
million tonnes of CO2 equivalent. Source: European Environment Agency greenhouse gas inventory (via Eurostat), Greenhouse gas emissions by source sector, total excluding LULUCF and memo items, million tonnes of CO2 equivalent (env_air_gge, source: EEA). Retrieved 2026-10-12.

Full ranking

RankEU countries2023
million tonnes of CO2 equivalent		Change on 2022
1Germany669.58-10.6%
2France378.23-6.8%
3Italy377.14-7%
4Poland347.31-8.4%
5Spain269.97-7.7%
6Netherlands142.8-6.7%
7Czechia102.24-10.8%
8Belgium97.81-4.7%
9Romania95.76-4.4%
10Greece71.94-7.3%
11Austria68.67-6.6%
12Ireland54.99-6.8%
13Hungary54.24-9%
14Portugal53.09-5.4%
15Bulgaria45.7-22.1%
16Sweden44.23-2.1%
17Finland41.22-10%
18Denmark39.07-8.1%
19Slovakia36.65-1.3%
20Croatia25.34+3.7%
21Lithuania17.88-2.8%
22Slovenia14.87-5%
23Estonia10.89-23.1%
24Latvia9.9-1.3%
25Cyprus8.79+0.4%
26Luxembourg7.81-5.6%
27Malta2.21-2.1%

Other periods

About this ranking

Total greenhouse gas emissions in million tonnes of CO2 equivalent: carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and fluorinated gases, including indirect CO2.

More on how it is measured
  • National inventory reported to the UNFCCC (and, for EU members, to the EU): the seven Kyoto gases weighted by their 100-year global warming potential.
  • Land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) and international aviation and shipping are not included.

Covers all greenhouse gases, so it is higher than energy_co2_emissions, which counts CO2 from energy use only. The EU climate targets also count international aviation and LULUCF, which this total leaves out. Each annual submission recalculates the whole series back to 1990, so past values change between releases.

Every value in the ranking comes from the same publisher and the same period, so the EU countries are compared on one definition. Equal values share a rank.

How to cite

European Environment Agency (EEA), national greenhouse gas inventories reported under the EU Governance Regulation, as published by Eurostat. Greenhouse gas emissions by source sector, total excluding LULUCF and memo items, million tonnes of CO2 equivalent (env_air_gge, source: EEA). https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/env_air_gge/default/table. Retrieved 2026-10-12. Licensed under CC BY 4.0.

Citation styles

The publisher is the author. Invokely is named only as the place the figures were read, where a style asks for it.

APA 7

Eurostat, European Commission. (2026). Greenhouse gas emissions by source sector, total excluding LULUCF and memo items, million tonnes of CO2 equivalent (env_air_gge, source: EEA) (EU countries by greenhouse gas emissions, 2023) [Data set]. Retrieved October 12, 2026, from https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/env_air_gge/default/table

MLA 9

Greenhouse gas emissions by source sector, total excluding LULUCF and memo items, million tonnes of CO2 equivalent (env_air_gge, source: EEA), EU countries by greenhouse gas emissions, 2023. Eurostat, European Commission, 2 June 2026, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/env_air_gge/default/table. Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/greenhouse-gas-emissions/eu-countries?period=2023. Accessed 12 Oct. 2026.

Chicago (author-date)

Eurostat, European Commission. 2026. Greenhouse gas emissions by source sector, total excluding LULUCF and memo items, million tonnes of CO2 equivalent (env_air_gge, source: EEA). EU countries by greenhouse gas emissions, 2023. Dataset. Accessed October 12, 2026. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/env_air_gge/default/table. Also distributed by Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/greenhouse-gas-emissions/eu-countries?period=2023.

Harvard

Eurostat, European Commission (2026) Greenhouse gas emissions by source sector, total excluding LULUCF and memo items, million tonnes of CO2 equivalent (env_air_gge, source: EEA), EU countries by greenhouse gas emissions, 2023 [Dataset]. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/env_air_gge/default/table, via Invokely: https://invokely.ai/rankings/greenhouse-gas-emissions/eu-countries?period=2023 (Accessed: 12 October 2026).

BibTeX
@misc{eurostat_eu_countries_by_greenhouse_2023,
  author = {{Eurostat, European Commission}},
  title = {{Greenhouse gas emissions by source sector, total excluding LULUCF and memo items, million tonnes of CO2 equivalent (env\_air\_gge, source: EEA): EU countries by greenhouse gas emissions, 2023}},
  year = {2026},
  howpublished = {Data set},
  url = {https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/env_air_gge/default/table},
  urldate = {2026-10-12},
  note = {Accessed via Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/greenhouse-gas-emissions/eu-countries?period=2023. Publisher attribution: European Environment Agency (EEA), national greenhouse gas inventories reported under the EU Governance Regulation, as published by Eurostat. Greenhouse gas emissions by source sector, total excluding LULUCF and memo items, million tonnes of CO2 equivalent (env\_air\_gge, source: EEA). https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/env\_air\_gge/default/table. Retrieved 2026-10-12. Licensed under CC BY 4.0.},
}
RIS
TY  - DATA
AU  - Eurostat, European Commission
TI  - Greenhouse gas emissions by source sector, total excluding LULUCF and memo items, million tonnes of CO2 equivalent (env_air_gge, source: EEA): EU countries by greenhouse gas emissions, 2023
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/06/02
PB  - Eurostat, European Commission
DB  - Invokely
UR  - https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/env_air_gge/default/table
L2  - https://invokely.ai/rankings/greenhouse-gas-emissions/eu-countries?period=2023
Y2  - 2026/10/12
N1  - Accessed via Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/greenhouse-gas-emissions/eu-countries?period=2023.
N1  - Publisher attribution: European Environment Agency (EEA), national greenhouse gas inventories reported under the EU Governance Regulation, as published by Eurostat. Greenhouse gas emissions by source sector, total excluding LULUCF and memo items, million tonnes of CO2 equivalent (env_air_gge, source: EEA). https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/env_air_gge/default/table. Retrieved 2026-10-12. Licensed under CC BY 4.0.
ER  -
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Questions

Which EU country has the highest greenhouse gas emissions?

Germany, with 669.58 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent in 2023, according to Eurostat, European Commission.

Which EU country has the lowest greenhouse gas emissions?

Malta, with 2.21 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent in 2023.

Where does this ranking come from?

Every value comes from one source and one period, so the places are comparable: Eurostat, European Commission, Greenhouse gas emissions by source sector, total excluding LULUCF and memo items, million tonnes of CO2 equivalent (env_air_gge, source: EEA). Retrieved 2026-10-12.

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