Data / Rankings / Fossil CO2 emissions per person / EU countries

EU countries by fossil CO2 emissions per person, 2024

Luxembourg had the highest fossil CO2 emissions per person of 27 EU countries in 2024, at 10.46 tonnes of CO2 per person. Malta had the lowest, at 3.2 tonnes of CO2 per person. The median was 5.28 tonnes of CO2 per person. Source: Global Carbon Project.

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Highest10.46Luxembourg
Lowest3.2Malta
Median5.2827 EU countries

Map of EU countries, 2024

Austria: 6.18 tonnes of CO2 per personBelgium: 7.28 tonnes of CO2 per personBulgaria: 4.68 tonnes of CO2 per personCyprus: 5.37 tonnes of CO2 per personCzechia: 7.04 tonnes of CO2 per personGermany: 6.77 tonnes of CO2 per personDenmark: 4.75 tonnes of CO2 per personEstonia: 6.11 tonnes of CO2 per personSpain: 4.6 tonnes of CO2 per personFinland: 5.3 tonnes of CO2 per personFrance: 3.97 tonnes of CO2 per personGreece: 5.31 tonnes of CO2 per personCroatia: 4.76 tonnes of CO2 per personHungary: 4.14 tonnes of CO2 per personIreland: 6.34 tonnes of CO2 per personItaly: 5.09 tonnes of CO2 per personLithuania: 4.39 tonnes of CO2 per personLuxembourg: 10.46 tonnes of CO2 per personLatvia: 3.45 tonnes of CO2 per personMalta: 3.2 tonnes of CO2 per personNetherlands: 6.3 tonnes of CO2 per personPoland: 7.08 tonnes of CO2 per personPortugal: 3.41 tonnes of CO2 per personRomania: 3.61 tonnes of CO2 per personSweden: 3.59 tonnes of CO2 per personSlovenia: 6.02 tonnes of CO2 per personSlovakia: 5.28 tonnes of CO2 per person
  • Under 4
  • 4 to 4.8
  • 4.8 to 5.3
  • 5.3 to 6.3
  • 6.3 and over
tonnes of CO2 per person, 2024. Source: Global Carbon Project, Global Carbon Project fossil CO2 emissions dataset: fossil CO2 emissions per person, tonnes of CO2. Boundaries: Natural Earth (public domain).

All EU countries, 2024

Luxembourg: 10.46 tonnes of CO2 per personLuxembourg10.46Belgium: 7.28 tonnes of CO2 per personBelgium7.28Poland: 7.08 tonnes of CO2 per personPoland7.08Czechia: 7.04 tonnes of CO2 per personCzechia7.04Germany: 6.77 tonnes of CO2 per personGermany6.77Ireland: 6.34 tonnes of CO2 per personIreland6.34Netherlands: 6.3 tonnes of CO2 per personNetherlands6.3Austria: 6.18 tonnes of CO2 per personAustria6.18Estonia: 6.11 tonnes of CO2 per personEstonia6.11Slovenia: 6.02 tonnes of CO2 per personSlovenia6.02Cyprus: 5.37 tonnes of CO2 per personCyprus5.37Greece: 5.31 tonnes of CO2 per personGreece5.31Finland: 5.3 tonnes of CO2 per personFinland5.3Slovakia: 5.28 tonnes of CO2 per personSlovakia5.28Italy: 5.09 tonnes of CO2 per personItaly5.09Croatia: 4.76 tonnes of CO2 per personCroatia4.76Denmark: 4.75 tonnes of CO2 per personDenmark4.75Bulgaria: 4.68 tonnes of CO2 per personBulgaria4.68Spain: 4.6 tonnes of CO2 per personSpain4.6Lithuania: 4.39 tonnes of CO2 per personLithuania4.39Hungary: 4.14 tonnes of CO2 per personHungary4.14France: 3.97 tonnes of CO2 per personFrance3.97Romania: 3.61 tonnes of CO2 per personRomania3.61Sweden: 3.59 tonnes of CO2 per personSweden3.59Latvia: 3.45 tonnes of CO2 per personLatvia3.45Portugal: 3.41 tonnes of CO2 per personPortugal3.41Malta: 3.2 tonnes of CO2 per personMalta3.2Luxembourg: 10.46 tonnes of CO2 per personLuxembourg10.46Belgium: 7.28 tonnes of CO2 per personBelgium7.28Poland: 7.08 tonnes of CO2 per personPoland7.08Czechia: 7.04 tonnes of CO2 per personCzechia7.04Germany: 6.77 tonnes of CO2 per personGermany6.77Ireland: 6.34 tonnes of CO2 per personIreland6.34Netherlands: 6.3 tonnes of CO2 per personNetherlands6.3Austria: 6.18 tonnes of CO2 per personAustria6.18Estonia: 6.11 tonnes of CO2 per personEstonia6.11Slovenia: 6.02 tonnes of CO2 per personSlovenia6.02Cyprus: 5.37 tonnes of CO2 per personCyprus5.37Greece: 5.31 tonnes of CO2 per personGreece5.31Finland: 5.3 tonnes of CO2 per personFinland5.3Slovakia: 5.28 tonnes of CO2 per personSlovakia5.28Italy: 5.09 tonnes of CO2 per personItaly5.09Croatia: 4.76 tonnes of CO2 per personCroatia4.76Denmark: 4.75 tonnes of CO2 per personDenmark4.75Bulgaria: 4.68 tonnes of CO2 per personBulgaria4.68Spain: 4.6 tonnes of CO2 per personSpain4.6Lithuania: 4.39 tonnes of CO2 per personLithuania4.39Hungary: 4.14 tonnes of CO2 per personHungary4.14France: 3.97 tonnes of CO2 per personFrance3.97Romania: 3.61 tonnes of CO2 per personRomania3.61Sweden: 3.59 tonnes of CO2 per personSweden3.59Latvia: 3.45 tonnes of CO2 per personLatvia3.45Portugal: 3.41 tonnes of CO2 per personPortugal3.41Malta: 3.2 tonnes of CO2 per personMalta3.2
tonnes of CO2 per person. Source: Global Carbon Project, Global Carbon Project fossil CO2 emissions dataset: fossil CO2 emissions per person, tonnes of CO2. Retrieved 2026-10-12.

Full ranking

RankEU countries2024
tonnes of CO2 per person		Change on 2023
1Luxembourg10.46+1.7%
2Belgium7.28+0.7%
3Poland7.08-3.1%
4Czechia7.04-8.5%
5Germany6.77-3.6%
6Ireland6.34-1.9%
7Netherlands6.3-2.6%
8Austria6.18-0.8%
9Estonia6.11-4.5%
10Slovenia6.02+6.1%
11Cyprus5.37+0.6%
12Greece5.31+4.6%
13Finland5.3-6.6%
14Slovakia5.28-5.3%
15Italy5.09-3.1%
16Croatia4.76+0.5%
17Denmark4.75-2.1%
18Bulgaria4.68-7.8%
19Spain4.6+2.3%
20Lithuania4.39+0.1%
21Hungary4.14-0.7%
22France3.97-2.4%
23Romania3.61+1.6%
24Sweden3.59+3.2%
25Latvia3.45-1.4%
26Portugal3.41-5.5%
27Malta3.2-3.4%

Other periods

About this ranking

Fossil CO2 emissions (fossil_co2_emissions) in tonnes of CO2 divided by the population, as published by the Global Carbon Project with the population series it ships with the dataset.

More on how it is measured
  • Fossil CO2 covers the burning of coal, oil and gas, gas flaring, cement production and other industrial carbonate use.
  • Emissions are counted in the country where they occur (territorial emissions).
  • International aviation and shipping are left out of country figures and included in the World total.
  • Land use change is not included.

Countries that refine oil or produce energy intensive goods for export, and small states with large ports or refineries, show high values that their residents' consumption alone would not cause. Each annual Global Carbon Budget release revises past years.

Every value in the ranking comes from the same publisher and the same period, so the EU countries are compared on one definition. Equal values share a rank.

How to cite

Andrew, R. M. and Peters, G. P., The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset, Global Carbon Budget (Friedlingstein et al.). Global Carbon Project fossil CO2 emissions dataset: fossil CO2 emissions per person, tonnes of CO2. https://zenodo.org/records/17417124. Retrieved 2026-10-12. Licensed under CC BY 4.0.

Citation styles

The publisher is the author. Invokely is named only as the place the figures were read, where a style asks for it.

APA 7

Global Carbon Project. (2025). Global Carbon Project fossil CO2 emissions dataset: fossil CO2 emissions per person, tonnes of CO2 (EU countries by fossil CO2 emissions per person, 2024) [Data set]. Retrieved October 12, 2026, from https://zenodo.org/records/17417124

MLA 9

Global Carbon Project fossil CO2 emissions dataset: fossil CO2 emissions per person, tonnes of CO2, EU countries by fossil CO2 emissions per person, 2024. Global Carbon Project, 22 Oct. 2025, https://zenodo.org/records/17417124. Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/fossil-co2-emissions-per-capita/eu-countries. Accessed 12 Oct. 2026.

Chicago (author-date)

Global Carbon Project. 2025. Global Carbon Project fossil CO2 emissions dataset: fossil CO2 emissions per person, tonnes of CO2. EU countries by fossil CO2 emissions per person, 2024. Dataset. Accessed October 12, 2026. https://zenodo.org/records/17417124. Also distributed by Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/fossil-co2-emissions-per-capita/eu-countries.

Harvard

Global Carbon Project (2025) Global Carbon Project fossil CO2 emissions dataset: fossil CO2 emissions per person, tonnes of CO2, EU countries by fossil CO2 emissions per person, 2024 [Dataset]. Available at: https://zenodo.org/records/17417124, via Invokely: https://invokely.ai/rankings/fossil-co2-emissions-per-capita/eu-countries (Accessed: 12 October 2026).

BibTeX
@misc{global_eu_countries_by_fossil_2024,
  author = {{Global Carbon Project}},
  title = {{Global Carbon Project fossil CO2 emissions dataset: fossil CO2 emissions per person, tonnes of CO2: EU countries by fossil CO2 emissions per person, 2024}},
  year = {2025},
  howpublished = {Data set},
  url = {https://zenodo.org/records/17417124},
  urldate = {2026-10-12},
  note = {Accessed via Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/fossil-co2-emissions-per-capita/eu-countries. Publisher attribution: Andrew, R. M. and Peters, G. P., The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset, Global Carbon Budget (Friedlingstein et al.). Global Carbon Project fossil CO2 emissions dataset: fossil CO2 emissions per person, tonnes of CO2. https://zenodo.org/records/17417124. Retrieved 2026-10-12. Licensed under CC BY 4.0.},
}
RIS
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AU  - Global Carbon Project
TI  - Global Carbon Project fossil CO2 emissions dataset: fossil CO2 emissions per person, tonnes of CO2: EU countries by fossil CO2 emissions per person, 2024
PY  - 2025
DA  - 2025/10/22
PB  - Global Carbon Project
DB  - Invokely
UR  - https://zenodo.org/records/17417124
L2  - https://invokely.ai/rankings/fossil-co2-emissions-per-capita/eu-countries
Y2  - 2026/10/12
N1  - Accessed via Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/fossil-co2-emissions-per-capita/eu-countries.
N1  - Publisher attribution: Andrew, R. M. and Peters, G. P., The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset, Global Carbon Budget (Friedlingstein et al.). Global Carbon Project fossil CO2 emissions dataset: fossil CO2 emissions per person, tonnes of CO2. https://zenodo.org/records/17417124. Retrieved 2026-10-12. Licensed under CC BY 4.0.
ER  -
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Rank EU countries by fossil CO2 emissions per person using official data, and cite the source.
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Questions

Which EU country has the highest fossil CO2 emissions per person?

Luxembourg, with 10.46 tonnes of CO2 per person in 2024, according to Global Carbon Project.

Which EU country has the lowest fossil CO2 emissions per person?

Malta, with 3.2 tonnes of CO2 per person in 2024.

Where does this ranking come from?

Every value comes from one source and one period, so the places are comparable: Global Carbon Project, Global Carbon Project fossil CO2 emissions dataset: fossil CO2 emissions per person, tonnes of CO2. Retrieved 2026-10-12.

Fossil CO2 emissions per person: other rankings

EU countries: more rankings