Data / Rankings / Greenhouse gas emissions from transport / EU countries

EU countries by greenhouse gas emissions from transport

Germany had the highest greenhouse gas emissions from transport of 27 EU countries in 2023, at 145.43 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent. Malta had the lowest, at 0.77 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent. The median was 14.07 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent and the figure for the European Union (27) was 795.64 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent. Source: Eurostat, European Commission.

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Highest145.43Germany
Lowest0.77Malta
Median14.0727 EU countries
European Union (27)795.64History

Map of EU countries, 2023

Austria: 20.06 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentBelgium: 24.77 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentBulgaria: 10.22 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentCyprus: 2.08 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentCzechia: 20.03 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentGermany: 145.43 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentDenmark: 12.01 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentEstonia: 2.67 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentSpain: 87.7 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentFinland: 9.45 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentFrance: 123.76 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentGreece: 17.54 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentCroatia: 7.58 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentHungary: 14.07 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentIreland: 11.93 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentItaly: 108.91 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentLithuania: 6.15 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentLuxembourg: 4.13 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentLatvia: 3.16 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentMalta: 0.77 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentNetherlands: 26.26 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentPoland: 69.09 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentPortugal: 18.24 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentRomania: 22.12 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentSweden: 14.23 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentSlovenia: 5.43 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentSlovakia: 7.87 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent
  • Under 6
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million tonnes of CO2 equivalent, 2023. Source: European Environment Agency greenhouse gas inventory (via Eurostat), Greenhouse gas emissions by source sector, fuel combustion in transport (CRF 1.A.3), million tonnes of CO2 equivalent (env_air_gge, source: EEA). Boundaries: Natural Earth (public domain).

All EU countries, 2023

Germany: 145.43 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentGermany145.43France: 123.76 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentFrance123.76Italy: 108.91 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentItaly108.91Spain: 87.7 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentSpain87.7Poland: 69.09 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentPoland69.09Netherlands: 26.26 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentNetherlands26.26Belgium: 24.77 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentBelgium24.77Romania: 22.12 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentRomania22.12Austria: 20.06 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentAustria20.06Czechia: 20.03 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentCzechia20.03Portugal: 18.24 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentPortugal18.24Greece: 17.54 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentGreece17.54Sweden: 14.23 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentSweden14.23Hungary: 14.07 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentHungary14.07Denmark: 12.01 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentDenmark12.01Ireland: 11.93 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentIreland11.93Bulgaria: 10.22 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentBulgaria10.22Finland: 9.45 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentFinland9.45Slovakia: 7.87 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentSlovakia7.87Croatia: 7.58 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentCroatia7.58Lithuania: 6.15 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentLithuania6.15Slovenia: 5.43 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentSlovenia5.43Luxembourg: 4.13 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentLuxembourg4.13Latvia: 3.16 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentLatvia3.16Estonia: 2.67 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentEstonia2.67Cyprus: 2.08 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentCyprus2.08Malta: 0.77 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentMalta0.77Germany: 145.43 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentGermany145.43France: 123.76 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentFrance123.76Italy: 108.91 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentItaly108.91Spain: 87.7 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentSpain87.7Poland: 69.09 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentPoland69.09Netherlands: 26.26 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentNetherlands26.26Belgium: 24.77 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentBelgium24.77Romania: 22.12 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentRomania22.12Austria: 20.06 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentAustria20.06Czechia: 20.03 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentCzechia20.03Portugal: 18.24 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentPortugal18.24Greece: 17.54 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentGreece17.54Sweden: 14.23 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentSweden14.23Hungary: 14.07 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentHungary14.07Denmark: 12.01 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentDenmark12.01Ireland: 11.93 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentIreland11.93Bulgaria: 10.22 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentBulgaria10.22Finland: 9.45 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentFinland9.45Slovakia: 7.87 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentSlovakia7.87Croatia: 7.58 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentCroatia7.58Lithuania: 6.15 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentLithuania6.15Slovenia: 5.43 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentSlovenia5.43Luxembourg: 4.13 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentLuxembourg4.13Latvia: 3.16 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentLatvia3.16Estonia: 2.67 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentEstonia2.67Cyprus: 2.08 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentCyprus2.08Malta: 0.77 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentMalta0.77
million tonnes of CO2 equivalent. Source: European Environment Agency greenhouse gas inventory (via Eurostat), Greenhouse gas emissions by source sector, fuel combustion in transport (CRF 1.A.3), million tonnes of CO2 equivalent (env_air_gge, source: EEA). Retrieved 2026-10-12.

Full ranking

RankEU countries2023
million tonnes of CO2 equivalent		Change on 2022
1Germany145.43-2.7%
2France123.76-4.1%
3Italy108.91-0%
4Spain87.7-3%
5Poland69.09+1.5%
6Netherlands26.26+4.9%
7Belgium24.77+1.4%
8Romania22.12+4.6%
9Austria20.06-4.6%
10Czechia20.03+2.5%
11Portugal18.24+6.6%
12Greece17.54-2.1%
13Sweden14.23-0.4%
14Hungary14.07-7.3%
15Denmark12.01-1.1%
16Ireland11.93+0.4%
17Bulgaria10.22+2.2%
18Finland9.45-3.9%
19Slovakia7.87-0.4%
20Croatia7.58+12.6%
21Lithuania6.15+2.2%
22Slovenia5.43-7.6%
23Luxembourg4.13-3.8%
24Latvia3.16+0.3%
25Estonia2.67+0.1%
26Cyprus2.08+3.2%
27Malta0.77+5.6%

Other periods

About this ranking

Greenhouse gas emissions from fuel combustion in domestic transport: road, rail, domestic aviation and domestic navigation (UNFCCC category 1.A.3).

More on how it is measured
  • It is part of ghg_emissions_energy, in million tonnes of CO2 equivalent.
  • National inventory reported to the UNFCCC (and, for EU members, to the EU): the seven Kyoto gases weighted by their 100-year global warming potential.
  • Land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) and international aviation and shipping are not included.

Sectors follow the UNFCCC reporting categories, so they add up to the total except for indirect CO2, which is not allocated to a sector. Each annual submission recalculates the whole series back to 1990, so past values change between releases.

Every value in the ranking comes from the same publisher and the same period, so the EU countries are compared on one definition. Equal values share a rank.

How to cite

European Environment Agency (EEA), national greenhouse gas inventories reported under the EU Governance Regulation, as published by Eurostat. Greenhouse gas emissions by source sector, fuel combustion in transport (CRF 1.A.3), million tonnes of CO2 equivalent (env_air_gge, source: EEA). https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/env_air_gge/default/table. Retrieved 2026-10-12. Licensed under CC BY 4.0.

Citation styles

The publisher is the author. Invokely is named only as the place the figures were read, where a style asks for it.

APA 7

Eurostat, European Commission. (2026). Greenhouse gas emissions by source sector, fuel combustion in transport (CRF 1.A.3), million tonnes of CO2 equivalent (env_air_gge, source: EEA) (EU countries by greenhouse gas emissions from transport, 2023) [Data set]. Retrieved October 12, 2026, from https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/env_air_gge/default/table

MLA 9

Greenhouse gas emissions by source sector, fuel combustion in transport (CRF 1.A.3), million tonnes of CO2 equivalent (env_air_gge, source: EEA), EU countries by greenhouse gas emissions from transport, 2023. Eurostat, European Commission, 2 June 2026, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/env_air_gge/default/table. Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/greenhouse-gas-emissions-transport/eu-countries?period=2023. Accessed 12 Oct. 2026.

Chicago (author-date)

Eurostat, European Commission. 2026. Greenhouse gas emissions by source sector, fuel combustion in transport (CRF 1.A.3), million tonnes of CO2 equivalent (env_air_gge, source: EEA). EU countries by greenhouse gas emissions from transport, 2023. Dataset. Accessed October 12, 2026. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/env_air_gge/default/table. Also distributed by Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/greenhouse-gas-emissions-transport/eu-countries?period=2023.

Harvard

Eurostat, European Commission (2026) Greenhouse gas emissions by source sector, fuel combustion in transport (CRF 1.A.3), million tonnes of CO2 equivalent (env_air_gge, source: EEA), EU countries by greenhouse gas emissions from transport, 2023 [Dataset]. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/env_air_gge/default/table, via Invokely: https://invokely.ai/rankings/greenhouse-gas-emissions-transport/eu-countries?period=2023 (Accessed: 12 October 2026).

BibTeX
@misc{eurostat_eu_countries_by_greenhouse_2023,
  author = {{Eurostat, European Commission}},
  title = {{Greenhouse gas emissions by source sector, fuel combustion in transport (CRF 1.A.3), million tonnes of CO2 equivalent (env\_air\_gge, source: EEA): EU countries by greenhouse gas emissions from transport, 2023}},
  year = {2026},
  howpublished = {Data set},
  url = {https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/env_air_gge/default/table},
  urldate = {2026-10-12},
  note = {Accessed via Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/greenhouse-gas-emissions-transport/eu-countries?period=2023. Publisher attribution: European Environment Agency (EEA), national greenhouse gas inventories reported under the EU Governance Regulation, as published by Eurostat. Greenhouse gas emissions by source sector, fuel combustion in transport (CRF 1.A.3), million tonnes of CO2 equivalent (env\_air\_gge, source: EEA). https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/env\_air\_gge/default/table. Retrieved 2026-10-12. Licensed under CC BY 4.0.},
}
RIS
TY  - DATA
AU  - Eurostat, European Commission
TI  - Greenhouse gas emissions by source sector, fuel combustion in transport (CRF 1.A.3), million tonnes of CO2 equivalent (env_air_gge, source: EEA): EU countries by greenhouse gas emissions from transport, 2023
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/06/02
PB  - Eurostat, European Commission
DB  - Invokely
UR  - https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/env_air_gge/default/table
L2  - https://invokely.ai/rankings/greenhouse-gas-emissions-transport/eu-countries?period=2023
Y2  - 2026/10/12
N1  - Accessed via Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/greenhouse-gas-emissions-transport/eu-countries?period=2023.
N1  - Publisher attribution: European Environment Agency (EEA), national greenhouse gas inventories reported under the EU Governance Regulation, as published by Eurostat. Greenhouse gas emissions by source sector, fuel combustion in transport (CRF 1.A.3), million tonnes of CO2 equivalent (env_air_gge, source: EEA). https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/env_air_gge/default/table. Retrieved 2026-10-12. Licensed under CC BY 4.0.
ER  -
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Questions

Which EU country has the highest greenhouse gas emissions from transport?

Germany, with 145.43 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent in 2023, according to Eurostat, European Commission.

Which EU country has the lowest greenhouse gas emissions from transport?

Malta, with 0.77 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent in 2023.

Where does this ranking come from?

Every value comes from one source and one period, so the places are comparable: Eurostat, European Commission, Greenhouse gas emissions by source sector, fuel combustion in transport (CRF 1.A.3), million tonnes of CO2 equivalent (env_air_gge, source: EEA). Retrieved 2026-10-12.

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