EU countries by CO2 emissions from energy consumption
Germany had the highest CO2 emissions from energy consumption of 27 EU countries in 2023, at 593.1 million tonnes of CO2. Estonia had the lowest, at 4.5 million tonnes of CO2. The median was 40.1 million tonnes of CO2. Source: the U.S. Energy Information Administration.
All EU countries, 2023
Full ranking
| Rank | EU countries | 2023 | Change on 2022 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Germany | 593.1 | -12% |
| 2 | Italy | 309.1 | -4.6% |
| 3 | France | 300.6 | -5.2% |
| 4 | Poland | 263.5 | -9.4% |
| 5 | Spain | 254.4 | -4.5% |
| 6 | Netherlands | 185 | +1.5% |
| 7 | Belgium | 112.7 | -3.5% |
| 8 | Czechia | 80.5 | -12.4% |
| 9 | Greece | 64.8 | +4.5% |
| 10 | Romania | 62.9 | -4.7% |
| 11 | Austria | 56.8 | -2.3% |
| 12 | Sweden | 43.5 | -6.3% |
| 13 | Portugal | 40.7 | -4.6% |
| 14 | Hungary | 40.1 | -10.9% |
| 15 | Ireland | 35.3 | -2.4% |
| 16 | Finland | 34.4 | -5.5% |
| 17 | Bulgaria | 33.7 | -23.9% |
| 18 | Denmark | 29.8 | -3.2% |
| 19 | Slovakia | 29.8 | -1.6% |
| 20 | Croatia | 17 | +4.1% |
| 21 | Lithuania | 12.9 | -0.5% |
| 22 | Slovenia | 11.2 | -6.5% |
| 23 | Malta | 9.6 | +6.2% |
| 24 | Luxembourg | 8.6 | -5.1% |
| 25 | Cyprus | 7 | +2.3% |
| 26 | Latvia | 6.4 | -2.1% |
| 27 | Estonia | 4.5 | -6.8% |
Other periods
About this ranking
Carbon dioxide emitted by burning coal, natural gas and petroleum products for energy in the year, in million metric tonnes, as estimated by the U.S. Energy Information Administration in its International Energy Statistics.
Excludes industrial processes such as cement, land use and other greenhouse gases, so it is lower than total greenhouse gas inventories.
Every value in the ranking comes from the same publisher and the same period, so the EU countries are compared on one definition. Equal values share a rank.
How to cite
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration. International Energy Statistics: CO2 emissions from the consumption of energy, million metric tonnes (series INTL.4008-8-MMTCD.A). Retrieved through Data Commons (datacommons.org). https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world. Retrieved 2026-10-11.Use this data in your AI agent
Invokely serves this figure to AI assistants through MCP and to code through a REST API, with the source and citation attached. Ask your assistant:
Rank EU countries by CO2 emissions from energy consumption using official data, and cite the source.
rank_places {"indicator":"energy_co2_emissions","level":"country","within":"European Union (27)","limit":10}
GET https://invokely.ai/api/v1/rank?indicator=energy_co2_emissions&level=country&within=European%20Union%20(27)&limit=10Questions
Which EU country has the highest CO2 emissions from energy consumption?
Germany, with 593.1 million tonnes of CO2 in 2023, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration.
Which EU country has the lowest CO2 emissions from energy consumption?
Estonia, with 4.5 million tonnes of CO2 in 2023.
Where does this ranking come from?
Every value comes from one source and one period, so the places are comparable: U.S. Energy Information Administration, International Energy Statistics: CO2 emissions from the consumption of energy, million metric tonnes (series INTL.4008-8-MMTCD.A). Retrieved 2026-10-11.