EU countries by primary energy consumption
Germany had the highest primary energy consumption of 27 EU countries in 2023, at 10.068 quadrillion Btu. Estonia had the lowest, at 0.099 quadrillion Btu. The median was 0.929 quadrillion Btu. Source: the U.S. Energy Information Administration.
All EU countries, 2023
Full ranking
| Rank | EU countries | 2023 | Change on 2022 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Germany | 10.068 | -10.3% |
| 2 | France | 8.387 | +0.3% |
| 3 | Italy | 5.703 | -4.3% |
| 4 | Spain | 4.901 | -3% |
| 5 | Poland | 3.78 | -6.6% |
| 6 | Netherlands | 3.269 | 0% |
| 7 | Belgium | 2.262 | -6.2% |
| 8 | Czechia | 1.498 | -8.2% |
| 9 | Sweden | 1.491 | -4.9% |
| 10 | Romania | 1.15 | -2% |
| 11 | Austria | 1.088 | -4.1% |
| 12 | Finland | 1.03 | +1% |
| 13 | Greece | 1.014 | +3.2% |
| 14 | Hungary | 0.929 | -6.5% |
| 15 | Portugal | 0.805 | -3.8% |
| 16 | Slovakia | 0.669 | -2% |
| 17 | Bulgaria | 0.668 | -10.2% |
| 18 | Ireland | 0.6 | -1% |
| 19 | Denmark | 0.584 | -0.8% |
| 20 | Croatia | 0.317 | +4.7% |
| 21 | Lithuania | 0.241 | -0.3% |
| 22 | Slovenia | 0.228 | -5% |
| 23 | Luxembourg | 0.149 | -5% |
| 24 | Malta | 0.138 | +6.3% |
| 25 | Latvia | 0.123 | -3.2% |
| 26 | Cyprus | 0.102 | +3.6% |
| 27 | Estonia | 0.099 | +5% |
Other periods
About this ranking
Total primary energy consumed in the country in the year (coal, natural gas, petroleum and other liquids, nuclear, and renewable and other sources), in quadrillion British thermal units, as estimated by the U.S. Energy Information Administration in its International Energy Statistics.
Countries only. One quadrillion Btu is about 1.055 exajoules. EIA converts electricity from nuclear, hydro, wind and solar to primary energy with its own conventions, so totals can differ from IEA or Energy Institute figures. Some small economies show 0 in years EIA has no estimate.
Every value in the ranking comes from the same publisher and the same period, so the EU countries are compared on one definition. Equal values share a rank.
How to cite
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration. International Energy Statistics: total energy consumption, quadrillion Btu (series INTL.44-2-QBTU.A). Retrieved through Data Commons (datacommons.org). https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world. Retrieved 2026-10-11.Use this data in your AI agent
Invokely serves this figure to AI assistants through MCP and to code through a REST API, with the source and citation attached. Ask your assistant:
Rank EU countries by primary energy consumption using official data, and cite the source.
rank_places {"indicator":"primary_energy_consumption","level":"country","within":"European Union (27)","limit":10}
GET https://invokely.ai/api/v1/rank?indicator=primary_energy_consumption&level=country&within=European%20Union%20(27)&limit=10Questions
Which EU country has the highest primary energy consumption?
Germany, with 10.068 quadrillion Btu in 2023, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration.
Which EU country has the lowest primary energy consumption?
Estonia, with 0.099 quadrillion Btu in 2023.
Where does this ranking come from?
Every value comes from one source and one period, so the places are comparable: U.S. Energy Information Administration, International Energy Statistics: total energy consumption, quadrillion Btu (series INTL.44-2-QBTU.A). Retrieved 2026-10-11.