US states by nonemployer business receipts: professional, scientific and technical services
California had the highest nonemployer business receipts: professional, scientific and technical services of 51 states in 2023, at $36.09 billion. North Dakota had the lowest, at $263.73 million. The median was $2.37 billion and the figure for the United States was $234.27 billion. Source: the U.S. Census Bureau.
Map of states, 2023
- Under 800
- 800 to 1,300
- 1,300 to 2,400
- 2,400 to 4,400
- 4,400 to 6,700
- 6,700 and over
All states, 2023
Full ranking
| Rank | States | 2023 | Change on 2022 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | California | 36,092.2 | +0.6% |
| 2 | Florida | 23,177.2 | +3.3% |
| 3 | Texas | 21,382 | +0.7% |
| 4 | New York | 19,963.5 | +2.8% |
| 5 | New Jersey | 9,405.4 | +2.8% |
| 6 | Illinois | 7,460.8 | +2.3% |
| 7 | Pennsylvania | 7,250.4 | +2.1% |
| 8 | Massachusetts | 6,924.8 | +1.6% |
| 9 | Georgia | 6,779.6 | +0.9% |
| 10 | Virginia | 6,616.2 | +2.8% |
| 11 | Colorado | 5,516.5 | +3.4% |
| 12 | Ohio | 5,402.6 | +3.9% |
| 13 | North Carolina | 5,259.1 | -1.2% |
| 14 | Washington | 4,970.5 | +4.2% |
| 15 | Maryland | 4,964.3 | +2% |
| 16 | Arizona | 4,881.8 | +4% |
| 17 | Michigan | 4,757.5 | +2.5% |
| 18 | Tennessee | 4,240 | +3.1% |
| 19 | Connecticut | 3,565.4 | +0.4% |
| 20 | Nevada | 3,093.4 | +0.3% |
| 21 | Minnesota | 2,990 | +1.5% |
| 22 | Utah | 2,855.9 | +4.3% |
| 23 | Oregon | 2,538.8 | +1.7% |
| 24 | South Carolina | 2,517.2 | -0.1% |
| 25 | Missouri | 2,487.6 | +5.3% |
| 26 | Indiana | 2,369.7 | +3.9% |
| 27 | Wisconsin | 2,326.9 | +3.1% |
| 28 | Louisiana | 2,101.9 | -8.2% |
| 29 | Alabama | 1,911.9 | +2.6% |
| 30 | Delaware | 1,807.9 | +17.7% |
| 31 | Oklahoma | 1,729.1 | +4.6% |
| 32 | Kentucky | 1,592.3 | +3.7% |
| 33 | District of Columbia | 1,412.1 | -0.2% |
| 34 | Kansas | 1,286.8 | +3.6% |
| 35 | New Hampshire | 1,283.7 | +6% |
| 36 | Wyoming | 1,030.8 | +13.8% |
| 37 | Idaho | 1,024.2 | +3.9% |
| 38 | Arkansas | 967 | +4.5% |
| 39 | Iowa | 946.3 | +2.9% |
| 40 | Mississippi | 946 | +2.9% |
| 41 | Hawaii | 917.1 | +2.1% |
| 42 | New Mexico | 855.2 | +1.2% |
| 43 | Maine | 759.4 | +2.2% |
| 44 | Rhode Island | 718.1 | +1.3% |
| 45 | Montana | 670.4 | +0.9% |
| 46 | Nebraska | 612.9 | +7.2% |
| 47 | Vermont | 492.7 | +0.5% |
| 48 | West Virginia | 453.6 | +2.6% |
| 49 | Alaska | 355.9 | -2.6% |
| 50 | South Dakota | 339.2 | +7.7% |
| 51 | North Dakota | 263.7 | +10.2% |
Other periods
About this ranking
Receipts of businesses without paid employees in professional, scientific, and technical services (NAICS 54), in millions of current US dollars, from the U.S. Census Bureau Nonemployer Statistics.
Nonemployer Statistics: businesses with no paid employees that are subject to federal income tax, mostly the self-employed, counted from tax records, with receipts above small minimum amounts. Census says some years are not comparable with earlier ones, and they are marked as series breaks: 2018 in every sector (businesses were reclassified from their descriptions, which moved many out of other services), 2022 in every sector (new receipts cutoffs) and 2017 in utilities (the same reclassification). Most nonemployers are sole proprietors whose business may be a side activity. Published about 18 months after the reference year. Receipts are published in thousands of dollars with noise added to protect individual businesses, and are not adjusted for inflation.
Every value in the ranking comes from the same publisher and the same period, so the states are compared on one definition. Equal values share a rank.
How to cite
U.S. Census Bureau. Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: receipts (RCPTOT), professional, scientific, and technical services (NAICS 54), all legal forms and receipts sizes. https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/nonemployer-statistics/datasets/2023/historical-datasets/. Retrieved 2026-10-12.Citation styles
APA 7
U.S. Census Bureau. (2025). Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: receipts (RCPTOT), professional, scientific, and technical services (NAICS 54), all legal forms and receipts sizes (US states by nonemployer business receipts: professional, scientific and technical services, 2023) [Data set]. Retrieved October 12, 2026, from https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/nonemployer-statistics/datasets/2023/historical-datasets/
MLA 9
Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: receipts (RCPTOT), professional, scientific, and technical services (NAICS 54), all legal forms and receipts sizes, US states by nonemployer business receipts: professional, scientific and technical services, 2023. U.S. Census Bureau, 15 May 2025, https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/nonemployer-statistics/datasets/2023/historical-datasets/. Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/nonemployer-receipts-professional-services/us-states?period=2023. Accessed 12 Oct. 2026.
Chicago (author-date)
U.S. Census Bureau. 2025. Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: receipts (RCPTOT), professional, scientific, and technical services (NAICS 54), all legal forms and receipts sizes. US states by nonemployer business receipts: professional, scientific and technical services, 2023. Dataset. Accessed October 12, 2026. https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/nonemployer-statistics/datasets/2023/historical-datasets/. Also distributed by Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/nonemployer-receipts-professional-services/us-states?period=2023.
Harvard
U.S. Census Bureau (2025) Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: receipts (RCPTOT), professional, scientific, and technical services (NAICS 54), all legal forms and receipts sizes, US states by nonemployer business receipts: professional, scientific and technical services, 2023 [Dataset]. Available at: https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/nonemployer-statistics/datasets/2023/historical-datasets/, via Invokely: https://invokely.ai/rankings/nonemployer-receipts-professional-services/us-states?period=2023 (Accessed: 12 October 2026).
BibTeX
@misc{census_us_states_by_nonemployer_2023,
author = {{U.S. Census Bureau}},
title = {{Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: receipts (RCPTOT), professional, scientific, and technical services (NAICS 54), all legal forms and receipts sizes: US states by nonemployer business receipts: professional, scientific and technical services, 2023}},
year = {2025},
howpublished = {Data set},
url = {https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/nonemployer-statistics/datasets/2023/historical-datasets/},
urldate = {2026-10-12},
note = {Accessed via Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/nonemployer-receipts-professional-services/us-states?period=2023. Publisher attribution: U.S. Census Bureau. Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: receipts (RCPTOT), professional, scientific, and technical services (NAICS 54), all legal forms and receipts sizes. https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/nonemployer-statistics/datasets/2023/historical-datasets/. Retrieved 2026-10-12.},
}
RIS
TY - DATA
AU - U.S. Census Bureau
TI - Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: receipts (RCPTOT), professional, scientific, and technical services (NAICS 54), all legal forms and receipts sizes: US states by nonemployer business receipts: professional, scientific and technical services, 2023
PY - 2025
DA - 2025/05/15
PB - U.S. Census Bureau
DB - Invokely
UR - https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/nonemployer-statistics/datasets/2023/historical-datasets/
L2 - https://invokely.ai/rankings/nonemployer-receipts-professional-services/us-states?period=2023
Y2 - 2026/10/12
N1 - Accessed via Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/nonemployer-receipts-professional-services/us-states?period=2023.
N1 - Publisher attribution: U.S. Census Bureau. Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: receipts (RCPTOT), professional, scientific, and technical services (NAICS 54), all legal forms and receipts sizes. https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/nonemployer-statistics/datasets/2023/historical-datasets/. Retrieved 2026-10-12.
ER -
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Rank US states by nonemployer business receipts: professional, scientific and technical services using official data, and cite the source.
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Which state has the highest nonemployer business receipts: professional, scientific and technical services?
California, with $36.09 billion in 2023, according to the U.S. Census Bureau.
Which state has the lowest nonemployer business receipts: professional, scientific and technical services?
North Dakota, with $263.73 million in 2023.
Where does this ranking come from?
Every value comes from one source and one period, so the places are comparable: U.S. Census Bureau, Nonemployer Statistics, state and US files: receipts (RCPTOT), professional, scientific, and technical services (NAICS 54), all legal forms and receipts sizes. Retrieved 2026-10-12.
US states: more rankings
- Employer establishments: wholesale trade
- Business revenue: retail trade (Economic Census)
- Nonemployer businesses: wholesale trade
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- GDP by industry: other services
- Leisure and hospitality payroll employment
- Real GDP growth