Data / Rankings / General government gross debt, national accounts / EU countries

EU countries by general government gross debt, national accounts, 2025

Greece had the highest general government gross debt, national accounts of 22 EU countries in 2025, at 162.1% of GDP. Luxembourg had the lowest, at 32.2% of GDP. The median was 68.1% of GDP. Source: the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.

Highest162.1Greece
Lowest32.2Luxembourg
Median68.122 EU countries

All EU countries, 2025

Greece: 162.1 % of GDPGreece162.1Italy: 148.7 % of GDPItaly148.7France: 116.2 % of GDPFrance116.2Belgium: 108.6 % of GDPBelgium108.6Spain: 106.6 % of GDPSpain106.6Portugal: 93.4 % of GDPPortugal93.4Finland: 88.7 % of GDPFinland88.7Austria: 82.8 % of GDPAustria82.8Hungary: 81 % of GDPHungary81Poland: 72.9 % of GDPPoland72.9Slovakia: 68.2 % of GDPSlovakia68.2Slovenia: 67.9 % of GDPSlovenia67.9Germany: 62.8 % of GDPGermany62.8Sweden: 59.1 % of GDPSweden59.1Latvia: 56.9 % of GDPLatvia56.9Czechia: 50 % of GDPCzechia50Netherlands: 48.1 % of GDPNetherlands48.1Lithuania: 40.3 % of GDPLithuania40.3Ireland: 34.8 % of GDPIreland34.8Denmark: 34.1 % of GDPDenmark34.1Estonia: 33.7 % of GDPEstonia33.7Luxembourg: 32.2 % of GDPLuxembourg32.2
% of GDP. Source: OECD, OECD National Accounts at a Glance: gross debt of general government, percentage of GDP (DSD_NAAG_VI@DF_NAAG_VI, LES13_FD4). Retrieved 2026-10-12.

Full ranking

RankEU countries2025
% of GDP		Change on 2024
1Greece162.1-8.3 pts
2Italy148.7+0.9 pts
3France116.2+1.3 pts
4Belgium108.6+3.8 pts
5Spain106.6-2.4 pts
6Portugal93.4-5.7 pts
7Finland88.7+3.5 pts
8Austria82.8-0.8 pts
9Hungary81-1 pts
10Poland72.9+5.9 pts
11Slovakia68.2+1.1 pts
12Slovenia67.9-1.1 pts
13Germany62.8-0.1 pts
14Sweden59.1+3.4 pts
15Latvia56.9-0.3 pts
16Czechia50+0.9 pts
17Netherlands48.1-0.2 pts
18Lithuania40.3+0.2 pts
19Ireland34.8-4.1 pts
20Denmark34.1-3 pts
21Estonia33.7+0.8 pts
22Luxembourg32.2+0.5 pts

Other periods

About this ranking

Gross debt of general government (central, state and local government and social security funds) as a percentage of GDP, under the System of National Accounts: all liabilities that are debt instruments, including loans, debt securities, currency and deposits, insurance and pension entitlements and other accounts payable.

Not the Maastricht debt in government_debt: this measure also counts pension entitlements and accounts payable, and some countries value securities at market prices, so it is usually higher. Use it to compare OECD countries with each other.

Every value in the ranking comes from the same publisher and the same period, so the EU countries are compared on one definition. Equal values share a rank.

How to cite

OECD. OECD National Accounts at a Glance: gross debt of general government, percentage of GDP (DSD_NAAG_VI@DF_NAAG_VI, LES13_FD4). https://data-explorer.oecd.org/vis?df[ds]=dsDisseminateFinalDMZ&df[id]=DSD_NAAG_VI%40DF_NAAG_VI&df[ag]=OECD.SDD.NAD. Accessed 2026-10-12. Data reuse terms and downstream attribution: https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html

Citation styles

The publisher is the author. Invokely is named only as the place the figures were read, where a style asks for it.

APA 7

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2026). OECD National Accounts at a Glance: gross debt of general government, percentage of GDP (DSD_NAAG_VI@DF_NAAG_VI, LES13_FD4) (EU countries by general government gross debt, national accounts, 2025) [Data set]. Retrieved October 12, 2026, from https://data-explorer.oecd.org/vis?df[ds]=dsDisseminateFinalDMZ&df[id]=DSD_NAAG_VI%40DF_NAAG_VI&df[ag]=OECD.SDD.NAD

MLA 9

OECD National Accounts at a Glance: gross debt of general government, percentage of GDP (DSD_NAAG_VI@DF_NAAG_VI, LES13_FD4), EU countries by general government gross debt, national accounts, 2025. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 12 Oct. 2026, https://data-explorer.oecd.org/vis?df[ds]=dsDisseminateFinalDMZ&df[id]=DSD_NAAG_VI%40DF_NAAG_VI&df[ag]=OECD.SDD.NAD. Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/general-government-gross-debt/eu-countries. Accessed 12 Oct. 2026.

Chicago (author-date)

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2026. OECD National Accounts at a Glance: gross debt of general government, percentage of GDP (DSD_NAAG_VI@DF_NAAG_VI, LES13_FD4). EU countries by general government gross debt, national accounts, 2025. Dataset. Accessed October 12, 2026. https://data-explorer.oecd.org/vis?df[ds]=dsDisseminateFinalDMZ&df[id]=DSD_NAAG_VI%40DF_NAAG_VI&df[ag]=OECD.SDD.NAD. Also distributed by Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/general-government-gross-debt/eu-countries.

Harvard

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2026) OECD National Accounts at a Glance: gross debt of general government, percentage of GDP (DSD_NAAG_VI@DF_NAAG_VI, LES13_FD4), EU countries by general government gross debt, national accounts, 2025 [Dataset]. Available at: https://data-explorer.oecd.org/vis?df[ds]=dsDisseminateFinalDMZ&df[id]=DSD_NAAG_VI%40DF_NAAG_VI&df[ag]=OECD.SDD.NAD, via Invokely: https://invokely.ai/rankings/general-government-gross-debt/eu-countries (Accessed: 12 October 2026).

BibTeX
@misc{organisation_eu_countries_by_general_2025,
  author = {{Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development}},
  title = {{OECD National Accounts at a Glance: gross debt of general government, percentage of GDP (DSD\_NAAG\_VI@DF\_NAAG\_VI, LES13\_FD4): EU countries by general government gross debt, national accounts, 2025}},
  year = {2026},
  howpublished = {Data set},
  url = {https://data-explorer.oecd.org/vis?df[ds]=dsDisseminateFinalDMZ&df[id]=DSD_NAAG_VI%40DF_NAAG_VI&df[ag]=OECD.SDD.NAD},
  urldate = {2026-10-12},
  note = {Accessed via Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/general-government-gross-debt/eu-countries. Publisher attribution: OECD. OECD National Accounts at a Glance: gross debt of general government, percentage of GDP (DSD\_NAAG\_VI@DF\_NAAG\_VI, LES13\_FD4). https://data-explorer.oecd.org/vis?df[ds]=dsDisseminateFinalDMZ\&df[id]=DSD\_NAAG\_VI\%40DF\_NAAG\_VI\&df[ag]=OECD.SDD.NAD. Accessed 2026-10-12. Data reuse terms and downstream attribution: https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html.},
}
RIS
TY  - DATA
AU  - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
TI  - OECD National Accounts at a Glance: gross debt of general government, percentage of GDP (DSD_NAAG_VI@DF_NAAG_VI, LES13_FD4): EU countries by general government gross debt, national accounts, 2025
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/12
PB  - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
DB  - Invokely
UR  - https://data-explorer.oecd.org/vis?df[ds]=dsDisseminateFinalDMZ&df[id]=DSD_NAAG_VI%40DF_NAAG_VI&df[ag]=OECD.SDD.NAD
L2  - https://invokely.ai/rankings/general-government-gross-debt/eu-countries
Y2  - 2026/10/12
N1  - Accessed via Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/general-government-gross-debt/eu-countries.
N1  - Publisher attribution: OECD. OECD National Accounts at a Glance: gross debt of general government, percentage of GDP (DSD_NAAG_VI@DF_NAAG_VI, LES13_FD4). https://data-explorer.oecd.org/vis?df[ds]=dsDisseminateFinalDMZ&df[id]=DSD_NAAG_VI%40DF_NAAG_VI&df[ag]=OECD.SDD.NAD. Accessed 2026-10-12. Data reuse terms and downstream attribution: https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html.
ER  -
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Questions

Which EU country has the highest general government gross debt, national accounts?

Greece, with 162.1% of GDP in 2025, according to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.

Which EU country has the lowest general government gross debt, national accounts?

Luxembourg, with 32.2% of GDP in 2025.

Where does this ranking come from?

Every value comes from one source and one period, so the places are comparable: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, OECD National Accounts at a Glance: gross debt of general government, percentage of GDP (DSD_NAAG_VI@DF_NAAG_VI, LES13_FD4). Retrieved 2026-10-12.

General government gross debt, national accounts: other rankings

EU countries: more rankings