Data / Rankings / Rental vacancy rate (US) / US states

US states by rental vacancy rate (US)

North Dakota had the highest rental vacancy rate (US) of 51 states in 2022, at 12.2%. Massachusetts had the lowest, at 2.8%. The median was 5.9% and the figure for the United States was 5.8%. Source: the U.S. Census Bureau.

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Highest12.2North Dakota
Lowest2.8Massachusetts
Median5.951 states
United States5.8History

Map of states, 2022

Alabama: 8.1 %Alaska: 5.3 %Arizona: 6.2 %Arkansas: 10.5 %California: 3.9 %Colorado: 4.1 %Connecticut: 3.3 %Delaware: 3.5 %District of Columbia: 7.9 %Florida: 7.2 %Georgia: 7 %Hawaii: 6.9 %Idaho: 4 %Illinois: 7.4 %Indiana: 8.8 %Iowa: 7.6 %Kansas: 8.5 %Kentucky: 4.5 %Louisiana: 6.9 %Maine: 4 %Maryland: 5.3 %Massachusetts: 2.8 %Michigan: 5.5 %Minnesota: 7.3 %Mississippi: 8.4 %Missouri: 7.1 %Montana: 3.2 %Nebraska: 5.2 %Nevada: 6 %New Hampshire: 4.3 %New Jersey: 3.7 %New Mexico: 6 %New York: 4.3 %North Carolina: 6.3 %North Dakota: 12.2 %Ohio: 5.3 %Oklahoma: 8.6 %Oregon: 4.1 %Pennsylvania: 5.3 %Rhode Island: 4.6 %South Carolina: 7.8 %South Dakota: 5.9 %Tennessee: 7.3 %Texas: 7.9 %Utah: 4.5 %Vermont: 3.5 %Virginia: 4.9 %Washington: 4.7 %West Virginia: 8.1 %Wisconsin: 4.6 %Wyoming: 7.2 %
  • Under 4
  • 4 to 4.7
  • 4.7 to 5.9
  • 5.9 to 7.1
  • 7.1 to 7.9
  • 7.9 and over
%, 2022. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Housing Vacancies and Homeownership (CPS/HVS) annual statistics, Table 3, rental vacancy rates by state, United States and states, annual averages. Boundaries: U.S. Census Bureau cartographic boundary files.

All states, 2022

North Dakota: 12.2 %North Dakota12.2Arkansas: 10.5 %Arkansas10.5Indiana: 8.8 %Indiana8.8Oklahoma: 8.6 %Oklahoma8.6Kansas: 8.5 %Kansas8.5Mississippi: 8.4 %Mississippi8.4Alabama: 8.1 %Alabama8.1West Virginia: 8.1 %West Virginia8.1District of Columbia: 7.9 %District of Columbia7.9Texas: 7.9 %Texas7.9South Carolina: 7.8 %South Carolina7.8Iowa: 7.6 %Iowa7.6Illinois: 7.4 %Illinois7.4Minnesota: 7.3 %Minnesota7.3Tennessee: 7.3 %Tennessee7.3Florida: 7.2 %Florida7.2Wyoming: 7.2 %Wyoming7.2Missouri: 7.1 %Missouri7.1Georgia: 7 %Georgia7Hawaii: 6.9 %Hawaii6.9Louisiana: 6.9 %Louisiana6.9North Carolina: 6.3 %North Carolina6.3Arizona: 6.2 %Arizona6.2Nevada: 6 %Nevada6New Mexico: 6 %New Mexico6South Dakota: 5.9 %South Dakota5.9Michigan: 5.5 %Michigan5.5Alaska: 5.3 %Alaska5.3Maryland: 5.3 %Maryland5.3Ohio: 5.3 %Ohio5.3Pennsylvania: 5.3 %Pennsylvania5.3Nebraska: 5.2 %Nebraska5.2Virginia: 4.9 %Virginia4.9Washington: 4.7 %Washington4.7Rhode Island: 4.6 %Rhode Island4.6Wisconsin: 4.6 %Wisconsin4.6Kentucky: 4.5 %Kentucky4.5Utah: 4.5 %Utah4.5New Hampshire: 4.3 %New Hampshire4.3New York: 4.3 %New York4.3Colorado: 4.1 %Colorado4.1Oregon: 4.1 %Oregon4.1Idaho: 4 %Idaho4Maine: 4 %Maine4California: 3.9 %California3.9New Jersey: 3.7 %New Jersey3.7Delaware: 3.5 %Delaware3.5Vermont: 3.5 %Vermont3.5Connecticut: 3.3 %Connecticut3.3Montana: 3.2 %Montana3.2Massachusetts: 2.8 %Massachusetts2.8North Dakota: 12.2 %North Dakota12.2Arkansas: 10.5 %Arkansas10.5Indiana: 8.8 %Indiana8.8Oklahoma: 8.6 %Oklahoma8.6Kansas: 8.5 %Kansas8.5Mississippi: 8.4 %Mississippi8.4Alabama: 8.1 %Alabama8.1West Virginia: 8.1 %West Virginia8.1District of Columbia: 7.9 %District of Columbia7.9Texas: 7.9 %Texas7.9South Carolina: 7.8 %South Carolina7.8Iowa: 7.6 %Iowa7.6Illinois: 7.4 %Illinois7.4Minnesota: 7.3 %Minnesota7.3Tennessee: 7.3 %Tennessee7.3Florida: 7.2 %Florida7.2Wyoming: 7.2 %Wyoming7.2Missouri: 7.1 %Missouri7.1Georgia: 7 %Georgia7Hawaii: 6.9 %Hawaii6.9Louisiana: 6.9 %Louisiana6.9North Carolina: 6.3 %North Carolina6.3Arizona: 6.2 %Arizona6.2Nevada: 6 %Nevada6New Mexico: 6 %New Mexico6South Dakota: 5.9 %South Dakota5.9Michigan: 5.5 %Michigan5.5Alaska: 5.3 %Alaska5.3Maryland: 5.3 %Maryland5.3Ohio: 5.3 %Ohio5.3Pennsylvania: 5.3 %Pennsylvania5.3Nebraska: 5.2 %Nebraska5.2Virginia: 4.9 %Virginia4.9Washington: 4.7 %Washington4.7Rhode Island: 4.6 %Rhode Island4.6Wisconsin: 4.6 %Wisconsin4.6Kentucky: 4.5 %Kentucky4.5Utah: 4.5 %Utah4.5New Hampshire: 4.3 %New Hampshire4.3New York: 4.3 %New York4.3Colorado: 4.1 %Colorado4.1Oregon: 4.1 %Oregon4.1Idaho: 4 %Idaho4Maine: 4 %Maine4California: 3.9 %California3.9New Jersey: 3.7 %New Jersey3.7Delaware: 3.5 %Delaware3.5Vermont: 3.5 %Vermont3.5Connecticut: 3.3 %Connecticut3.3Montana: 3.2 %Montana3.2Massachusetts: 2.8 %Massachusetts2.8
%. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Housing Vacancies and Homeownership (CPS/HVS) annual statistics, Table 3, rental vacancy rates by state, United States and states, annual averages. Retrieved 2026-10-12.

Full ranking

RankStates2022 (%)Change on 2021
1North Dakota12.2-1.1 pts
2Arkansas10.5+3 pts
3Indiana8.8+0.4 pts
4Oklahoma8.6+0.9 pts
5Kansas8.5-0.3 pts
6Mississippi8.4-0.8 pts
7Alabama8.1-3.6 pts
7West Virginia8.1+1.6 pts
9District of Columbia7.9-1.9 pts
9Texas7.9-0.5 pts
11South Carolina7.8-0.2 pts
12Iowa7.6+0.3 pts
13Illinois7.4-0.8 pts
14Minnesota7.3+0.7 pts
14Tennessee7.30 pts
16Florida7.2+0.7 pts
16Wyoming7.2-0.8 pts
18Missouri7.1-1.5 pts
19Georgia7+1 pts
20Hawaii6.9-0.4 pts
20Louisiana6.9-0.8 pts
22North Carolina6.3+1 pts
23Arizona6.2+1.4 pts
24Nevada6+1.4 pts
24New Mexico6-0.9 pts
26South Dakota5.9-2.8 pts
27Michigan5.5-0.2 pts
28Alaska5.3+1.1 pts
28Maryland5.3+0.3 pts
28Ohio5.3-0.5 pts
28Pennsylvania5.3-1 pts
32Nebraska5.2-0.5 pts
33Virginia4.9-0.5 pts
34Washington4.7+0.2 pts
35Rhode Island4.6+1.8 pts
35Wisconsin4.6-0.1 pts
37Kentucky4.5-1.7 pts
37Utah4.5+0.1 pts
39New Hampshire4.3+0.8 pts
39New York4.3-1.6 pts
41Colorado4.1-0.4 pts
41Oregon4.1-0.4 pts
43Idaho4-0.4 pts
43Maine4-0.1 pts
45California3.9-0.4 pts
46New Jersey3.7+0.1 pts
47Delaware3.5-0.3 pts
47Vermont3.5+1 pts
49Connecticut3.3-1.8 pts
50Montana3.2-0.9 pts
51Massachusetts2.8-1.4 pts

Other periods

About this ranking

Vacant housing units available for year-round use and offered for rent as a percentage of the rental inventory (renter-occupied units, vacant units for rent and units rented but not yet occupied). Annual CPS/HVS average for the United States and states. Seasonal and other off-market vacancies are excluded.

Annual CPS/HVS survey estimates, distinct from ACS five-year estimates. State figures have sampling uncertainty, so a small change need not be statistically significant. Revised columns published on a new basis replace the original year and are marked as series breaks. Pandemic restrictions changed interviewing in 2020 and 2021, affecting comparability. The 2025 average covers 11 months: October was not collected during the lapse in federal funding, increasing uncertainty.

Every value in the ranking comes from the same publisher and the same period, so the states are compared on one definition. Equal values share a rank.

How to cite

U.S. Census Bureau. Housing Vacancies and Homeownership (CPS/HVS) annual statistics, Table 3, rental vacancy rates by state, United States and states, annual averages. https://www.census.gov/housing/hvs/files/annual25/ann25t_3.xlsx. Retrieved 2026-10-12.

Citation styles

The publisher is the author. Invokely is named only as the place the figures were read, where a style asks for it.

APA 7

U.S. Census Bureau. (2026). Housing Vacancies and Homeownership (CPS/HVS) annual statistics, Table 3, rental vacancy rates by state, United States and states, annual averages (US states by rental vacancy rate (US), 2022) [Data set]. Retrieved October 12, 2026, from https://www.census.gov/housing/hvs/files/annual25/ann25t_3.xlsx

MLA 9

Housing Vacancies and Homeownership (CPS/HVS) annual statistics, Table 3, rental vacancy rates by state, United States and states, annual averages, US states by rental vacancy rate (US), 2022. U.S. Census Bureau, 28 Apr. 2026, https://www.census.gov/housing/hvs/files/annual25/ann25t_3.xlsx. Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/rental-vacancy-rate/us-states?period=2022. Accessed 12 Oct. 2026.

Chicago (author-date)

U.S. Census Bureau. 2026. Housing Vacancies and Homeownership (CPS/HVS) annual statistics, Table 3, rental vacancy rates by state, United States and states, annual averages. US states by rental vacancy rate (US), 2022. Dataset. Accessed October 12, 2026. https://www.census.gov/housing/hvs/files/annual25/ann25t_3.xlsx. Also distributed by Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/rental-vacancy-rate/us-states?period=2022.

Harvard

U.S. Census Bureau (2026) Housing Vacancies and Homeownership (CPS/HVS) annual statistics, Table 3, rental vacancy rates by state, United States and states, annual averages, US states by rental vacancy rate (US), 2022 [Dataset]. Available at: https://www.census.gov/housing/hvs/files/annual25/ann25t_3.xlsx, via Invokely: https://invokely.ai/rankings/rental-vacancy-rate/us-states?period=2022 (Accessed: 12 October 2026).

BibTeX
@misc{census_us_states_by_rental_2022,
  author = {{U.S. Census Bureau}},
  title = {{Housing Vacancies and Homeownership (CPS/HVS) annual statistics, Table 3, rental vacancy rates by state, United States and states, annual averages: US states by rental vacancy rate (US), 2022}},
  year = {2026},
  howpublished = {Data set},
  url = {https://www.census.gov/housing/hvs/files/annual25/ann25t_3.xlsx},
  urldate = {2026-10-12},
  note = {Accessed via Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/rental-vacancy-rate/us-states?period=2022. Publisher attribution: U.S. Census Bureau. Housing Vacancies and Homeownership (CPS/HVS) annual statistics, Table 3, rental vacancy rates by state, United States and states, annual averages. https://www.census.gov/housing/hvs/files/annual25/ann25t\_3.xlsx. Retrieved 2026-10-12.},
}
RIS
TY  - DATA
AU  - U.S. Census Bureau
TI  - Housing Vacancies and Homeownership (CPS/HVS) annual statistics, Table 3, rental vacancy rates by state, United States and states, annual averages: US states by rental vacancy rate (US), 2022
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/04/28
PB  - U.S. Census Bureau
DB  - Invokely
UR  - https://www.census.gov/housing/hvs/files/annual25/ann25t_3.xlsx
L2  - https://invokely.ai/rankings/rental-vacancy-rate/us-states?period=2022
Y2  - 2026/10/12
N1  - Accessed via Invokely, https://invokely.ai/rankings/rental-vacancy-rate/us-states?period=2022.
N1  - Publisher attribution: U.S. Census Bureau. Housing Vacancies and Homeownership (CPS/HVS) annual statistics, Table 3, rental vacancy rates by state, United States and states, annual averages. https://www.census.gov/housing/hvs/files/annual25/ann25t_3.xlsx. Retrieved 2026-10-12.
ER  -
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Questions

Which state has the highest rental vacancy rate (US)?

North Dakota, with 12.2% in 2022, according to the U.S. Census Bureau.

Which state has the lowest rental vacancy rate (US)?

Massachusetts, with 2.8% in 2022.

Where does this ranking come from?

Every value comes from one source and one period, so the places are comparable: U.S. Census Bureau, Housing Vacancies and Homeownership (CPS/HVS) annual statistics, Table 3, rental vacancy rates by state, United States and states, annual averages. Retrieved 2026-10-12.

US states: more rankings