# R&D expenditure share of GDP

Gross domestic expenditure on research and experimental development (GERD) by all sectors (businesses, government, higher education and private non-profit institutions) as a percentage of gross domestic product. Regions are measured against their own regional GDP.

## Key facts

- R&D expenditure share of GDP in the European Union (27) was 2.26% of GDP in 2024, according to Eurostat, European Commission.
- Sweden had the highest R&D expenditure share of GDP of 27 EU countries in 2024, at 3.53% of GDP, and Romania the lowest, at 0.46% of GDP. Source: Eurostat, European Commission.
- Published for 265 places, with figures from 1995 to 2024.
- Figures last updated on 2026-10-18.

- Indicator id: `rd_expenditure_gdp_share`
- Unit: % of GDP
- Note: Measured following the OECD Frascati Manual. The EU set a target of 3% of GDP. Eurostat estimates the EU total, and some national years are estimated or provisional.
- Web page: https://invokely.ai/en/rd-expenditure-gdp-share
- API: https://invokely.ai/api/v1/indicators/rd_expenditure_gdp_share

## Latest figures

| Place | Period | % of GDP | Source |
|---|---|---:|---|
| European Union (27) | 2024 | 2.26 | Eurostat. Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD), all sectors, percentage of GDP (rd_e_gerdtot). https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/rd_e_gerdtot/default/table. Retrieved 2026-10-18. |

## Rankings

- [EU countries](https://invokely.ai/rankings/rd-expenditure-gdp-share/eu-countries.md) (27 places)
- [EU regions (NUTS 2)](https://invokely.ai/rankings/rd-expenditure-gdp-share/eu-regions.md) (237 places)
- [Autonomous communities of Spain](https://invokely.ai/rankings/rd-expenditure-gdp-share/spain-regions.md) (19 places)
- [Regions of Germany (NUTS 2)](https://invokely.ai/rankings/rd-expenditure-gdp-share/germany-regions.md) (38 places)
- [Regions of France (NUTS 2)](https://invokely.ai/rankings/rd-expenditure-gdp-share/france-regions.md) (22 places)
- [Regions of Italy (NUTS 2)](https://invokely.ai/rankings/rd-expenditure-gdp-share/italy-regions.md) (21 places)
- [Regions of Poland (NUTS 2)](https://invokely.ai/rankings/rd-expenditure-gdp-share/poland-regions.md) (17 places)
- [Regions of Greece (NUTS 2)](https://invokely.ai/rankings/rd-expenditure-gdp-share/greece-regions.md) (13 places)
- [Regions of Belgium (NUTS 2)](https://invokely.ai/rankings/rd-expenditure-gdp-share/belgium-regions.md) (11 places)
- [Regions of Netherlands (NUTS 2)](https://invokely.ai/rankings/rd-expenditure-gdp-share/netherlands-regions.md) (10 places)
- [Regions of Austria (NUTS 2)](https://invokely.ai/rankings/rd-expenditure-gdp-share/austria-regions.md) (9 places)
- [Regions of Portugal (NUTS 2)](https://invokely.ai/rankings/rd-expenditure-gdp-share/portugal-regions.md) (9 places)
- [Regions of Czechia (NUTS 2)](https://invokely.ai/rankings/rd-expenditure-gdp-share/czechia-regions.md) (8 places)
- [Regions of Hungary (NUTS 2)](https://invokely.ai/rankings/rd-expenditure-gdp-share/hungary-regions.md) (8 places)
- [Regions of Romania (NUTS 2)](https://invokely.ai/rankings/rd-expenditure-gdp-share/romania-regions.md) (8 places)
- [Regions of Sweden (NUTS 2)](https://invokely.ai/rankings/rd-expenditure-gdp-share/sweden-regions.md) (8 places)
- [Regions of Bulgaria (NUTS 2)](https://invokely.ai/rankings/rd-expenditure-gdp-share/bulgaria-regions.md) (6 places)
- [Regions of Denmark (NUTS 2)](https://invokely.ai/rankings/rd-expenditure-gdp-share/denmark-regions.md) (5 places)
- [Regions of Finland (NUTS 2)](https://invokely.ai/rankings/rd-expenditure-gdp-share/finland-regions.md) (5 places)